[Tick-borne (Spring-Summer) encephalitis and prevention measures]

Budak AP.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Human
• Seasons
• USSR

[Modern trends in vaccination policy: evaluation of benefits, risks and cost].

Wiedermann G.

[Article in German]

A number of newly-developed vaccines are available nowadays, whilst others, which are well-established, have been improved. The collection of epidemiological data, however, is equally important in assessing and providing insight into prophylactic measures. The beneficial effects and risks of vaccination may be calculated by special formulae. Changes in the effect of vaccines can be detected by constant reevaluation of the epidemiological situation by means of these formulae. Another possibility lies in the calculation of the borderline number of complications of a certain disease when the risks of the sequelae of the disease or of the vaccination are about equal. Examples of valuable and recommendable vaccinations are vaccination against measles, poliomyelitis, tetanus and tick-borne encephalitis. A follow-up of the case mortality of whooping-cough in Austria over the past 15 years and a consideration of the fatal complications of vacinnation, as quoted by Ehrengut, reveals that the risks of the disease balanced the risks of vaccination with usual vaccines, already in 1971 (1976 with WHO data). A beneficial effect of BCG vaccination is still present, but the influence on mortality figures is very slight only. However, the benefit of BCG may lie in the prevention of deaths from leukaemia observed by some authors. Paraspecific effects of some vaccinations are mentioned. Finally, cost-benefit calculations for Austria are presented in the case of vaccination against measles and mumps, which appear to be highly recommendable, not only from the medical, but also the economic point of view.

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Austria
• BCG Vaccine
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• *Cost-Benefit Analysis
• Human
• Infant
• Leukemia/mortality
• Measles/prevention & control
• Mumps/prevention & control
• Risk
• Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/mortality
• Vaccination/adverse effects
• Vaccination/economics
• Vaccination/*trends
• Whooping Cough/mortality

Substances:

• 0 (BCG Vaccine)

[Mechanism of the mutagenic action of the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Gordeeva NI.

[Article in Russian]

The results of cytogenetic analysis of pig embryo kidney cells infected at a high multiplicity (5-10 PFU/cell) with tick-borne encephalitis virus. The dynamics of formations of virus-induced chromosome aberrations differed markedly from that observed at lower multiplicities of infection. No increase of the mutagenic effect with increasing infective dose of the virus was found, however. The assumption that TBE virus mutagenic properties are associated with structural virus proteins is discussed. Attenuated variants of TBE virus were shown to have no mutagenic properties.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cells, Cultured
• Chromosome Aberrations
• Chromosomes/microbiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• In Vitro
• Kidney
• *Mutation
• Structure-Activity Relationship
• Swine
• Viral Interference
• Viral Proteins/pharmacology
• Virus Replication

Substances:

• 0 (Viral Proteins)

Rapid diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis by means of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.

Hofmann H,  Frisch-Niggemeyer W,  Heinz F.

[Article in English]

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied for determining separately IgM and IgG antibodies against tick-borne encephalitis virus. A micro-modification in microtitre plates proved to be at least as sensitive as the HI test. However, more precise information could be achieved by a macrotest using antigen coated polystyrene balls. False positive results in IgM antibody determinations could be caused by a rheumatoid factor. A high content of IgM antibodies in a serum could impair the determination of its IgG antibodies but not vice versa. Titres were expressed in comparison to a positive control serum.

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Comparative Study
• Diagnosis, Differential
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• *Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• IgG/analysis
• IgM/analysis
• *Immunoenzyme Techniques/methods

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (IgG)
• 0 (IgM)

[Central European encephalitis in the Federal Republic of Germany].

Ackermann R,  Rehse-Kupper B.

[Article in German]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Age Factors
• Aged
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• *Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/mortality
• *Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Female
• Germany, West
• Human
• Male
• Meningitis/etiology
• Meningoencephalitis/etiology
• Middle Age
• Seasons
• Sex Factors
• Vaccination

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Intensification of antibacterial and antiviral nonsusceptibility and of the immune response with an officinal RNA preparation]

Zemskov VM,  Barsukov AA,  Pal'mina SI,  Fadeeva LL,  Maksudova MK.

[Article in Russian]

Sodium nucleinate increased essentially the insusceptibility of mice to pathogenic escherichia, strain O26, Pr. vulgaris, Ps. aeruginosa, Ser. marcescens, and produced a total stimulating effect on the nonspecific bacterial resistance; analogous stimulating activity was found in the homologous low polymeric RNA from the liver. Sodium nucleinate intensified the insusceptibility of the animals to the tick-born encephalitis and encephalomyelitis viruses, and increased the antibody-forming cells count. The side-effect of heat-inactivated vaccine from pathogenic escherichia was reduced in animals inoculated with sodium nucleinate preliminarily.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Bacterial/*biosynthesis
• Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis
• Antibody-Producing Cells/immunology
• Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
• Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/pathogenicity
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
• Escherichia coli/pathogenicity
• Immunity, Natural/*drug effects
• Immunization
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred CBA
• Nucleic Acids/immunology
• Proteus vulgaris/pathogenicity
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa/pathogenicity
• RNA/*immunology
• Serratia marcescens/pathogenicity
• Time Factors

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Bacterial)
• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Nucleic Acids)
• 63231-63-0 (RNA)

[Isolation in France of Soldado virus (arbovirus, Hughes serogroup) from Ornithodoros (A.) maritimus Vermeil and Marguet 1967]

Chastel C,  Launay H,  Rogues G,  Beaucournu JC.

[Article in French]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• *Birds
• Blood Groups
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/ultrastructure
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/etiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/mortality
• France
• Mice
• Ticks/*microbiology

Substances:

• 0 (Blood Groups)

The influence of specific antisera and unheated guinea pig serum on the pathogenicity of "Runde" virus for mice.

Traavik T.

[Article in English]

Antisera from various animal species containing antibodies to "Runde" virus were not able to neutralize virus infection in newborn mice, the outcome of which is an acute, fatal CNS disease. There was, however, one noticeable exception. Mixtures of virus and hyperimmune mouse serum or ascitic fluid inoculated intracerebrally into newborn mice resulted in a persistent infection and a chronic disease which had previously only been recognized in 2 to 3-week-old mice inoculated with "Runde" virus. A serum pool from persistently infected mice had the same effect, though this was less pronounced. The addition of unheated guinea pig serum to the virus-hyperimmune serum mixtures reinforced the tendency to persistence and chronic disease, and unheated guinea pig serum alone modified the infection in the same way. The results suggest an immunological basis for the virus persistence and chronic disease in suckling mice.

MeSH Terms:

• Age Factors
• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• *Immune Sera
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred Strains
• Neutralization Tests

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Immune Sera)

[Pathogenesis of chronic neural virus infections]

Panov AG,  Komandenko NI.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Chronic Disease
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Human
• Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis/*immunology

Effect of chronic Trypanosoma brucei infection on the course of louping ill virus infection in mice.

Reid HW,  Buxton D,  Finlayson J,  Holmes PH.

[Article in English]

The course of louping-ill virus infection in mice chronically infected with Trypanosoma brucei was investigated. The mean survival time of mice infected with virus alone was 10.2 days, compared to 12.8 days in mice infected with T. brucei 14 days before virus challenge, and the cumulative mortality in the two groups was 62.5 and 90%, respectively. Virus was only inconsistently detected in the blood of mice given virus alone but was regularly present at high titers for up to 12 days in the blood of mice previously infected with T. brucei. Titers of virus in brains were also higher in dually infected mice, and encephalitis was of greater severity. These results indicate that the immunosuppressive effect of chronic trypanosomiasis may markedly increase susceptibility to acute virus infection. In addition, it is concluded that vector-vertebrate relationships of arthropod-transmitted viruses may be altered by concurrent trypanosome infection.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Blood/microbiology
• Brain/microbiology
• Brain/pathology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/growth & development
• *Immunosuppression
• Louping Ill/complications
• Louping Ill/*immunology
• Louping Ill/microbiology
• Mice
• Sheep
• Trypanosoma brucei brucei
• Trypanosomiasis, African/complications
• Trypanosomiasis, African/*immunology
• Trypanosomiasis, African/microbiology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

Antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus in human sera from the western coast of Norway.

Traavik T.

[Article in English]

Sera from 341 individuals living in the distribution area of the tick Ixodes recinus were tested for tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) antibodies by HAI and gel diffusion. Kaolin treatment was unreliable for the removal of non-specific HAI inhibitors. Seven sera positive after this treatment were shown to be negative after acetone extraction/flotation centrifugation. The antibody prevalence rate was 19.6%. Seventy-one % of the sera had titres greater than or equal to 40. The prevalence rate decreased with age. Some sera with low HAI titres could be confirmed by a sensitive Ouchterlony technique, while some with high titres could not, even after ten-fold concentration. Clinical information obtained retrospectively regarding patients with high antibody titres revealed some cases consistent with a TBE virus infection. Antibody prevalence rates indicate that TBE virus is more active than Uukuniemi and Kemorovo group virus in tick-infested areas. Mixed foci of these viruses have been indicated by serological findings and virus isolations.

MeSH Terms:

• Acetone/pharmacology
• Adult
• Age Factors
• Aged
• *Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Antigens, Viral
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Female
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Immunodiffusion
• Kaolin/pharmacology
• Male
• Middle Age
• Norway
• Sex Factors

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 1332-58-7 (Kaolin)
• 67-64-1 (Acetone)

Attempts to reproduce amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in laboratory animals by inoculation of Schu virus isolated from a patient with apparent amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Muller WK,  Schaltenbrand G.

[Article in English]

A virus isolated from the CSF of a patient who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for 7 years, and prolonged pleocytosis in the CSF, was adapted to suckling mouse brain by subsequent serial blind passages. This Schu virus belongs to the tick-borne encephalitis complex of the genus Flavivirus (Togaviridae). Suckling mouse brain homogenate of the 13th passage was used for transmission experiments in various species of laboratory animals. Golden hamsters infected subcutaneously fell ill after a number of months, lost weight, and had paresis of the legs. Histologically they had petechial hemorrhages in different parts of the CNS and inflammatory changes in the gray substance of the spinal cord. Pilot studies with repeated inoculations of small doses of different flavivirus strains suggest a course of the disease in experimental animals which resembles slow-virus infections insofar as no encephalitis is produced and degenerative changes of the anterior horn cells prevail over inflammatory signs in the spinal cord. After intracerebral application of Schu virus, cynomolgus monkeys developed the typical lesions of togavirus panencephalitis with epileptic seizures, ataxia, and paresis. After subcutaneous application, the virus seems to spread along peripheral nerves to anterior spinal roots and spinal cord, where mainly motor neurons of the anterior horn are damaged, and from there to the brain. The histological findings are such that one may assume the disease of the patient was due to the infection with the virus isolated from his CSF. Therefore, the hypothesis may be advanced that at least some of the cases diagnosed as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are due to a togavirus infection.

MeSH Terms:

• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/*etiology
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/microbiology
• Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology
• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Arbovirus Infections/*etiology
• Arbovirus Infections/pathology
• Arboviruses/immunology
• Arboviruses/isolation & purification
• Brain/pathology
• Female
• Hamsters
• Haplorhini
• Human
• Macaca fascicularis
• Male
• Mesocricetus
• Mice
• Spinal Cord/pathology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

Control and eradication of exotic viruses affecting man.

Murphy FA.

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arbovirus Infections/*prevention & control
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
• Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/prevention & control
• Hemorrhagic Fevers, Viral/*prevention & control
• Human
• Lassa Fever/prevention & control
• Marburg Virus Disease/prevention & control
• Rabies/*prevention & control
• Rift Valley Fever/prevention & control
• Yellow Fever/prevention & control

[Ecology of indigenious arbovirus in Alsace. Tick Central European Encephalitis. I.--Complex Ixodes ricinus--bank voles. II.--Study of bank voles population immunity. III.--Virologic results in bank voles population].

Chatelain J,  Hannoun C,  Rodhain F,  Salmon AM,  Ardoin P,  Sureau P.

[Article in French]

I.--After showing that bank voles are parasited only by Ixodes ricinus larvae, the authors attempt to found different factors (demographic, biometric, and sexual) who favor individual parasitism. The authors conclude to absent of anti tick immunity for this rodent specie. II.--The search for anti-central european encephalitis antibodies (I.H.A.) are shown that 2 p. cent animals were immuns. Yearly and monthly chronologies of antibodies apparition are shown, factors favoring the growth of specific Central european encephalitis antibodies are discussed. III.--The Central european encephalitis tick viral infection of bank vole is studied according to the number of viral strains isolated from different viscera. The monthly chronology of this infection is shown.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Arboviruses/immunology
• Arboviruses/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Europe
• France
• Human
• Immunity, Natural
• Rodentia/*microbiology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

Immunoglobulins to tick-borne encephalitis in the cerebrospinal fluid of man.

Hofmann H,  Frisch-Niggemeyer W,  Heinz F,  Kunz C.

[Article in English]

Antibodies of IgM and IgG type were detected in the CSF of patients with recent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) by means of ELISA. No false-positive results were obtained with CSF specimens from patients suffering from meningitis or other illnesses. The ratio of the antibodies in serum to CSF clearly indicated that both IgM and IgG antibodies were produced in the brain itself. In patients who had previously suffered from TBE now with a different inaseptic meningitis, TBE antibodies could also be detected in CSF but only of the IgG class. Again the serum-to-CSF antibody ratio indicated that the antibodies were produced within the central nervous system. For routine diagnosis the micro-ELISA method was found to be useful; antigen-coated plates can be stored as long as three months at +4 degrees C.

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Central Nervous System Diseases/immunology
• Cerebrospinal Fluid/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
• Human
• IgG/*analysis
• IgM/*analysis
• Meningitis, Aseptic/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (IgG)
• 0 (IgM)

Assay of interferon and viral antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid in clinical neurology and psychiatry.

Libikova H,  Breier S,  Kocisova M,  Pogady J,  Stunzner D,  Ujhazyova D.

[Article in English]

Cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) of 245 neurological and 194 psychiatric patients were tested for viral antibodies and interferon. Complement dependent neutralizing antibodies to Herpesvirus hominis 1 were found in the CSF of patients with encephalitis (50.6%), meningitis (35.4%), lesions of peripheral nerves (36.9%), sclerosis multiplex (41.2%), schizophrenia (31.9%), senile dementia (51.4%), mental retardation (11.1%), ethylism (43.5%). Neutralizing antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus were found in the CSF of 38% patients with encephalitis, in 14% meningitis, 11% lesions of peripheral nerves and also in 5.6--11.8% of psychiatric patients. In encephalitis, meningitis and in lesions of peripheral nerves were found in the CSF frequently plaque neutralizing antobidies to the tick-borne orbivirus Lipovnik, complement-fixing antibodies to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies to measles virus. In multiple sclerosis were detected CSF antibodies to measles virus (44%), Herpesvirus hominis 1 (41.2%) and Lipovnik virus (52.6%). In neurological patients were observed CSF antibodies simultaneously to two or three viruses in 16.7 to 40.6%, while in psychiatric patients in zero to 4.6%. CSF interferon was found in psychiatric patients with an equal or even higher incidence (33.7 to 57.1%) than in the neurological patients (29.6--38.6%, in multiple sclerosis only 16.7%). Non-interferon virus inhibitors were excluded. The evaluation of the ratio of serum and CSF titers of viral antibodies and of interferon indicated local synthesis of both in the central nervous system -- with the exception of antibodies to Herpesvirus hominis 1 in CSF of some patients with very high titres in serum and probable lesions of the blood brain barrier.

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Antibodies, Viral/*cerebrospinal fluid
• Comparative Study
• Human
• Interferons/blood
• Interferons/*cerebrospinal fluid
• Mental Disorders/blood
• Mental Disorders/*cerebrospinal fluid
• Mental Disorders/immunology
• Nervous System Diseases/blood
• Nervous System Diseases/*cerebrospinal fluid
• Nervous System Diseases/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 9008-11-1 (Interferons)

A comparative study of tick-borne encephalitis virus RNA synthesis in acutely and persistently infected cells.

Andzhaparidze OG,  Boriskin YS,  Drynov ID,  Bogomolova NN,  Chelyapov NV.

[Article in English]

Rate zonal and buoyant density gradient centrifugation did not reveal any difference between tick-borne encephalitis virus virions released from acutely or persistently infected cells. All three RNA species characteristic for flavivirus replication were found both in acutely or persistently infected cells, but increased levels of intracellular 42S RNA polyadenylation was observed in persistently infected cells.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cell Line
• Centrifugation, Density Gradient
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/growth & development
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*metabolism
• Kidney
• Poly A/analysis
• RNA, Viral/analysis
• RNA, Viral/*biosynthesis
• Swine
• Virion/analysis

Substances:

• 0 (RNA, Viral)
• 24937-83-5 (Poly A)

[Purification of the tick-borne encephalitis virus by the calcium phosphate adsorption chromatography method]

Gall W,  Kuthan R.

[Article in Polish]

MeSH Terms:

• Adsorption
• Animal
• Calcium Phosphates
• Chromatography/methods
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Mice

Substances:

• 0 (Calcium Phosphates)

Protease treatment and chemical crosslinking of a flavivirus: tick borne encephalitis virus.

Heinz FX,  Kunz C.

[Article in English]

Tick-borne encephalitis virus was treated with pronase or thermolysin. The resulting particles were banded in sucrose gradients and analyzed for polypeptide composition. Both enzymes caused a reduction in particle density from 1.19 to 1.15--1.16 g/cm3. No loss of viral lipid or nucleic acid could be observed. SDS-polyacrylamidegel electrophoresis showed that only the core protein V2 was unchanged whereas the envelope proteins V3 and V1 had disappeared from their original positions in the PAGE profile. Instead a new peptide(s) with molecular weight of 4000--6000 was found in which hydrophobic amino-acids were enriched. Crosslinking by dimethyl-3.3'-dithiobispropionimidate (DTBP) made the virus resistent to solubilization of the envelope proteins by TX-100. This could be interpreted by the formation of a dense envelope protein network around the nucleocapsid preventing its liberation by TX-100. Some data however indicate that direct crosslinking of at least one of the envelope proteins with the core cannot be excluded.

MeSH Terms:

• Cross-Linking Reagents/pharmacology
• Disulfides/pharmacology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/drug effects
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*ultrastructure
• Imidoesters/pharmacology
• Peptides/analysis
• Polyethylene Glycols/pharmacology
• Pronase/metabolism
• Protein Conformation
• Solubility
• Thermolysin/metabolism
• Viral Proteins/*analysis

Substances:

• 0 (Cross-Linking Reagents)
• 0 (Disulfides)
• 0 (Imidoesters)
• 0 (Peptides)
• 0 (Polyethylene Glycols)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)
• EC 3.4.24.- (Pronase)
• EC 3.4.24.27 (Thermolysin)

Serologic examination of human population in South Moravia (Czechoslovakia) on the presence of antibodies to arboviruses of the Alfavirus, Flavivirus, Turlock groups and Bunyamwera supergroup.

Kolman JM,  Kopecky K,  Rac O.

[Article in English]

A statistically representative group of human population from the South Moravian region (CSSR) was examined on the presence of antibodies against the following arboviruses: Lednice, Sindbis, tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile, Tahyna and Calovo. The ascertained absence of antibodies to the Lednice virus is an evidence that at present this virus is of no epidemiological importance in the region studied. No antibodies to Sindbis, West Nile and Calovo viruses were demonstrated. 17.8 to 42.0% of antibodies to Tahyna virus were detected in all age groups examined. The total infection rate was 26.0%. Antibodies to the tick-borne encephalitis virus occurred primarily in persons over 40 years. The total infection rate was 5.5%.

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Arboviruses/*immunology
• Bunyamwera Group Viruses/immunology
• California Group Viruses/immunology
• Child
• Czechoslovakia
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Female
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age
• Sindbis Virus/immunology
• West Nile Virus/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Infectiousness of mammals and birds with the tick-borne encephalitis virus].

Naumov RL,  Gutova VP.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Animals, Wild/microbiology
• Birds/*microbiology
• Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Mammals/*microbiology
• Seasons
• Ticks/microbiology
• USSR

[Effect of a natural interferon inducer (RFf2) on the formation of vaccinal immunity to tick-borne encephalitis]

Fomina AN,  Nosik NN,  Bukata LA,  Davydova AA,  Barinskii NF.

[Article in Russian]

The effect of the interferon inductor of the natural origin (RFf2) on formation of vaccinal immunity to vernal encephalitis was studied. A single intraperitoneal administration of the preparation in a dose of 10 gamma per a mouse 2 hours after the first injection of the vaccine resulted in increased resistance of the mice to the lethal dose of the infecting virus which was introduced 14 days after the vaccination completion. The production dynamics of interferon induced by RFf2 and its level in the serum of the immunized mice were the same as those in the non-vaccinated animals. An increased number of the vaccine injections, up to 3 did not result in a significant increase in the immunity with respect to either the level of the antiviral resistance or the level of the virus-neutralizing antibody accumulation.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Immunity, Active/*drug effects
• Immunization
• Interferon Inducers/*immunology
• Interferons/analysis
• Mice
• Time Factors
• Vaccination/methods
• Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Interferon Inducers)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)
• 9008-11-1 (Interferons)

[Combination of Nishimoto-Takeushi Kudo disease and the progressive form of tick-borne encephalitis]

Chudinov AA,  Shestakov VV,  Kuklin VI,  Tikhonovich AP.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Arterial Occlusive Diseases/*physiopathology
• Carotid Arteries/radiography
• Case Report
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*physiopathology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/radiography
• Encephalomyelitis/physiopathology
• Encephalomyelitis/radiography
• Human
• Male
• Moyamoya Disease/*physiopathology
• Moyamoya Disease/radiography

[Effect of the tick-borne encephalitis virus on the chromosomes and cell division in different cell cultures]

Gordeeva NI,  Chekova VV.

[Article in Russian]

The mutagenic effect of tick-borne encephalitis virus (the Pan strain) was studied in chick embryo cells, Syrian hamster kidney cells and pig embryo kidney (SPEV) cell cultures showing different sensitivities to this virus. The dynamics of formation and types of chromosome damages were shown to be different in latent, subacute and acute forms of infection. Virus-induced chromosome aberrations appeared in the period of termination of the virus reproduction cycle. Differences in the effect of tick-borne encephalitis virus on the synthesis of nuclear DNA in chick embryo and SPEV cells were demonstrated. The experimental results suggest that a temporary increase of the mitotic activity observed in the inoculated cultures was due both to a delay of cells in one of the stages of the mitotic cycle (chick embryo and SPEV cells) and to a temporary stimulation of DNA synthesis (SPEV cells).

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cell Division
• Cells, Cultured/*microbiology
• Chick Embryo
• Chromosome Aberrations
• Chromosomes/*microbiology
• Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Hamsters
• Mesocricetus
• Metaphase
• Mitosis
• Mutation
• Swine
• Time Factors

[Latent infection in Syrian hamsters from an attenuated tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Dremov DP,  Erofeev VS,  Miriutova TL.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Brain/pathology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/pathology
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Hamsters
• Mesocricetus
• Mice
• Organ Culture
• Time Factors
• Virulence

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

Immunosuppression in bovine trypanosomiasis: studies with louping-ill vaccine.

Whitelaw DD,  Scott JM,  Reid HW,  Holmes PH,  Jennings FW,  Urquhart GM.

[Article in English]

The antibody response to louping-ill virus vaccine was examined in mice infected with Trypanosoma brucei and T congolense, and in Ethiopian cattle experimentally infected with T brucei, T congolense and T vivax. In mice the antibody response was completely suppressed, while in cattle infected with T congolense and T vivax the antibody response to the vaccine was only 10 per cent that of uninfected animals. In contrast, the response of cattle infected with T brucei was not significantly reduced, and this was attributed to their relatively light and transient parasitaemias. Trypanocidal chemotherapy (diminazine aceturate) administered on the same day as vaccination largely restored the competence of the immune response of both mice and cattle infected with T congolense. The use of such drugs should be considered when cattle are vaccinated in trypanosome endemic areas.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibody Formation
• Cattle
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Female
• *Immunosuppression
• Male
• Mice
• Trypanosomiasis, Bovine/drug therapy
• Trypanosomiasis, Bovine/*immunology
• Trypanosomiasis, Bovine/parasitology
• *Viral Vaccines

Substances:

• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Change in the sedimentation profile of partially purified preparations of the tick-borne encephalitis and Langat viruses during storage]

Liapustin VN.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Arboviruses/*isolation & purification
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Freezing
• Hemagglutination, Viral
• *Preservation, Biological
• Ultracentrifugation

[Characteristics of the response of mice with temporary immunodepression to the administration of live or inactivated vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis]

Vargin VV,  Semenov BF.

[Article in Russian]

Mice with immunity defects caused by administration of cyclophosphane were inoculated with an inactivated vaccine or Langat virus (TP-21 strain) considered to be an approximate model of the vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis. In mice with depressed immune response, the asymptomatic infection caused by Langat virus turns into acute form and encephalitis with a fatal outcome develops in 86--100%. Pre-treatment with inactivated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine did not protect the animals with the immunity defect against neuroinfection induced by subsequent inoculation with Langat or tick-borne encephalitis virus. The experimental results suggest that the use of a live vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis in specimens with immunity defects is very dangerous because of the possibility of affection of the central nervous system.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cyclophosphamide/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Immunity/drug effects
• Immunization
• *Immunosuppression
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred Strains
• Semliki Forest Virus/immunology
• Sindbis Virus/immunology
• Vaccines, Attenuated/*administration & dosage
• Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage

Substances:

• 0 (Vaccines, Attenuated)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)
• 50-18-0 (Cyclophosphamide)

Fungal nucleic acids as interferon inducers.

Kandefer-Szerszen M,  Kawecki Z,  Guz M.

[Article in English]

Nucleic acids isolated from the fungi Aspergillus niger x11, Piptoporus betulinus and Ganoderma applanatum reduced the number of vaccinia virus plaques in chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) tissue culture and when administered intravenously to white mice protected them against lethal infection with tick borne encephalitis virus strain K5 (TBE). In CEF tissue culture the nucleic acids of the studied fungi were found to induce small but detectable amounts of a substance with the character of interferon. In vivo only ribonucleic acid from G. applanatum induced a substance showing interferon properties in the spleen of mice.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Aspergillus niger
• Chick Embryo
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Fibroblasts/microbiology
• *Fungi
• In Vitro
• Interferon Inducers/*therapeutic use
• Mice
• Nucleic Acids/*therapeutic use
• Plaque Assay
• Polyporaceae
• Tissue Culture/methods
• Tissue Extracts/*therapeutic use
• Vaccinia Virus/drug effects

Substances:

• 0 (Interferon Inducers)
• 0 (Nucleic Acids)
• 0 (Tissue Extracts)

Arthropod-borne encephalitides in the Americas.

Monath TP.

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Americas
• Animal
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Female
• Human
• Male
• Retrospective Studies

Light and electron microscope study of the neurotropism of Powassan virus strain P-40.

Isachkova LM,  Shestopalova NM,  Frolova MP,  Reingold VN.

[Article in English]

Brains of adult white mice inoculated with the P-40 strain of Powassan virus isolated in Primorsky Krai (U.S.S.R) from ticks were studied by light and electron microscopy. Accumulations of virus particles were found in neurons and their dendrites and axons, in glial cells, and in intercellular spaces. In the nerve cells, most prevalent were changes of the type of chromatolysis and formation of small vacuoles, associated with the alteration of the endoplasmic reticulum induced by virus morphogenesis. In virus-affected cells, multilayer dense membranes were found.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/*microbiology
• Disease Models, Animal
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*growth & development
• Endoplasmic Reticulum/microbiology
• Golgi Apparatus/microbiology
• Meningoencephalitis/*microbiology
• Meningoencephalitis/pathology
• Mice
• Morphogenesis
• Neuroglia/microbiology
• Neurons/microbiology

[Vaccination status of children in the Vienna area].

Kessler T.

[Article in German]

The vaccination status was investigated in 1482 patients between the ages of 1 and 14 years admitted to hospital with scarlet fever. Most of the patients were vaccinated against tuberculosis (97.7%), diphtheria, tetanus and whooping-cough (95.3%) and poliomyelitis (94.1%), relatively few against measles (21.1%) and very few indeed against mumps (0.7%) and tick-borne encephalitis (1.9%). The booster vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria had been omitted in more than 40%. Although the beneficial results of vaccination against tuberculosis, diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus and poliomyelitis remained more or less the same, the tendency towards vaccination did not spread as might have been anticipated. On the contrary, the extent of vaccination decreased, especially during the past years. In the same way the tendency towards vaccination against measles showed a sudden slowing down after a period of rapid increase. This implies that vaccination of children does not tend towards perfection. The vaccination rates differ widely between foreign children living in Vienna and natives. Although the foreigners show a similar vaccination distribution pattern as the natives, the numbers of unvaccinated children are much higher.

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Age Factors
• Austria
• BCG Vaccine
• Bacterial Vaccines
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Diphtheria Toxoid
• Human
• Immunization Schedule
• Immunization, Secondary
• Infant
• Mumps Vaccine
• Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated
• Tetanus Toxoid
• *Vaccination
• Viral Vaccines

Substances:

• 0 (BCG Vaccine)
• 0 (Bacterial Vaccines)
• 0 (Diphtheria Toxoid)
• 0 (Mumps Vaccine)
• 0 (Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated)
• 0 (Tetanus Toxoid)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

Persistent infections with "runde" virus in cell cultures and suckling mice.

Traavik T.

[Article in English]

A morphologically intact, persistently infected BHK 21/c13 cell culture was established by serial trypsinization and reseeding of cells infected with approximately one baby mouse LD50/cell. The extracellular virus infectivity dropped more than 3 log10 units from the 1st to the 4th passage, and was then unaltered up to passage 20. In 2-week-old mice but not in baby mice, a chronic disease with virus persistence up to 150 days was produced after intracerebral infection with moderate virus doses. The humoral immune response of the animals seemed to be adequate by the methods employed. Development of defective interfering virus particles was indicated by the von Magnus phenomenon in BHK 21/c13 cultures infected with serially passed, undiluted virus samples. Intracerebral infection of baby mice with such samples resulted in transient paresis and motion disturbances instead of the usually fatal encephalitis. Specific virus antigens but no infectious virus could be recovered from such animals.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Animals, Newborn
• Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
• Antigens, Viral
• Brain/microbiology
• Cells, Cultured
• Chronic Disease
• Coronaviridae/immunology
• Coronaviridae/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Mice

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

"Runde" virus: further characteristics and a method for purification.

Traavik T,  Brunvold E.

[Article in English]

Neither BHK 21/c13, BSC-1, Vero nor GMK cells were of use for quantification of "Runde" virus. The titres were low and difficult to reproduce. Infected newborn mouse brains gave considerably higher yields than any of the cell cultures. The growth curve in BHK 21/c13 cells showed a slow increase in both intracellular and extracellular virus until maximum titres of about 10(6) baby mouse LD50 were reached at 48 and 72 hours post-infection (p.i.). During the following 24 hours, the infectivity dropped by about 1 log10 unit and was then unaltered until 196 hours p.i. Infected BHK 21/c13 cells did not haemadsorb chicken erythrocytes, although the culture media contained haemagglutinins. Resistance to BUdR indicated an RNA genome. Concentrated and purified virus preparations were produced by polyethylene glycol 6000/NaCl "precipitation" and hydroxylapatite column chromatography. Treatment with a colloidal silica gel widened the spectrum of agglutinable erythrocyte species.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/microbiology
• Bromodeoxyuridine/pharmacology
• Cells, Cultured
• Coronaviridae/analysis
• Coronaviridae/growth & development
• Coronaviridae/*isolation & purification
• Culture Media
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Hemadsorption
• Hemagglutination Tests
• Mice
• *Microbiological Techniques
• Virus Cultivation
• Virus Replication/drug effects

Substances:

• 0 (Culture Media)
• 59-14-3 (Bromodeoxyuridine)

Experimental mixed CNS infections in mice caused by three Ixodes ricinus transmitted Arboviruses.

Traavik T.

[Article in English]

Approximately 12-day-old mice were infected intracerebrally with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus (strain Hypr), Unkuniemi virus (strain By E50) and Tribec virus, as single virus inoculations, coinfections with two or three viruses, and sequential infections with two or three viruses at 24-hour intervals. The effect of mixed infections on mortality, morbidity and average survival time was recorded. The main findings were that: 1. Some mixed infections with TBE and UUK viruses reduced the mortality and acute morbidity significantly as compared to single infections with each virus. The average survival times were lengthened. 2. Mixed infections with TBE and Tribec did not affect the 100% mortality of TBE. 3. Mixed infections with UUK and Tribec seemed to result in a cumulative effect of the two viruses. 4. With triple co-infections (TBE + Tribec + UUK simultaneously), the mortality and acute morbidity rates were reduced significantly as compared to TBE single infections. 5. Some of the mixed infections tended to result in chronic disease among the survivors.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arboviruses/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• *Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Kemerovo Virus/isolation & purification
• Mice
• Norway
• Ticks/microbiology

Potentiation of the neurovirulence of langat virus infection by lead intoxication in mice.

Thind IS,  Khan MY.

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arbovirus Infections/*microbiology
• Arbovirus Infections/mortality
• Arbovirus Infections/pathology
• Arboviruses/*growth & development
• Brain/*microbiology
• Brain/pathology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*growth & development
• Interferons/analysis
• Lead Poisoning/*complications
• Mice

Substances:

• 9008-11-1 (Interferons)

Orbiviruses of the Kemerovo complex and neurological diseases.

Libikova H,  Heinz F,  Ujhazyova D,  Stunzner D.

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Cerebrospinal Fluid/immunology
• Comparative Study
• Czechoslovakia
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Female
• Human
• *Kemerovo Virus/immunology
• *Kemerovo Virus/isolation & purification
• Male
• Middle Age
• *Nervous System Diseases/etiology
• *Nervous System Diseases/immunology
• Neutralization Tests
• *Reoviridae/isolation & purification
• Ticks/microbiology
• USSR

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

The isolation of Central European encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis) virus from Ixodes ricinus (L.) ticks in southern-Germany.

Rehse-Kupper B,  Danielova V,  Klenk W,  Abar B,  Ackermann R.

[Article in English]

During the years 1972--1976 a total of 14.692 ticks of the species Ixodes ricinus (L.), (2.738 adults and 11.954 nymphs) was collected. They were taken from five areas where human Central European encephalitis virus (CEE) infections had occurred. By means of, intracerebral (IC) and subcutaneous (SC) isolation experiments with suckling mice 19 agents, exhibiting the pathogenic characteristics of CEE virus, were isolated from these ticks. In neutralization tests with suckling mice these isolates could be identified as CEE virus strains. From the 14.692 ticks at least 1.29% were virus carriers as evidenced by the number of isolated virus strains. By the same reasoning at least 3.6% of the adults and 0.76% of the nymphs must have contained virus. We were successful in each of the five areas, rather distant from each other, to isolate the virus. The favorable ecological conditions for the main vector Ixodes ricinus in the Federal Republic of Germany give rise to the assumption that this medically important tick-borne disease might be permanently present in many areas.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Disease Vectors
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology
• Germany, West
• Human
• Mice
• Ticks/*microbiology

Reaction of the host to the tick bite III. The bite of viruliferous Ixodes ricinus female.

Nosek J,  Rajcani J,  Kozuch O.

[Article in English]

No distinct internal cement formation was observed at the penetration site of the mouth parts of Ixodes ricinus females during their feeding on golden hamsters. At 2 h, the chelicera were already deeply inserted into the dermal tissue. Beginning after 4 hours, the proliferation of collagen and conus formation became evident. The internal cell-free area was structureless and showed PAS positivity, while the outer collagen layer was rich in fibrocytes and negative for PAS staining. Both layers showed positivity when stained for collagen. The conus extending into the subdermal connective tissue was surrounded by an infiltrate of mononuclear and polynuclear leukocytes. The half-engorged females showed specific fluorescence of the TBE antigen in columnar epidermal cells. The penetration of the TBE virus into host tissue lasted probably only for a few hours, as virus was succesfully transmitted to golden hamsters during 2 h feeding of the viruliferous I. ricinus females.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral
• *Bites and Stings
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*transmission
• Hamsters
• *Ticks

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Isolation of viruses of tick-borne encephalitis and Uukuniemi from ticks in the area of the Vranov water dam].

Hubalek Z,  Ryba J,  Bardos,  Jurricova Z.

[Article in Czech]

MeSH Terms:

• Czechoslovakia
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Finland
• Species Specificity
• Ticks/microbiology

Viral superinfection in cells carrying an arenavirus and/or a togavirus.

Nguyen-hong-Diet,  Libikova H.

[Article in English]

Four lines of the same L-cell clone were transferred 60 times in parallel: uninfected cells, a line carrying lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), another one carrying tick-borne encephalitis virus (TEV) and one carrying both viruses. In double persistency, LCM and TEV were suppressed and stimulated, respectively. Cell multiplication rates were comparable in all four lines. Single LCMV persistence caused marked resistance of L cells to superinfecting viruses from various taxonomic groups, but this phenomenon was abolished or even reversed to increased sensitivity in the cell line with co-persisting LCMV plus TEV.

MeSH Terms:

• Cell Division
• Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*growth & development
• Encephalomyocarditis Virus/growth & development
• Herpesvirus 1, Suid/growth & development
• Kemerovo Virus/growth & development
• L Cells (Cell Line)
• Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus/*growth & development
• Simplexvirus/growth & development
• Vesicular Stomatitis-Indiana Virus/growth & development
• *Viral Interference

[Natural focal infections in the north of the Far East. I. The detection of natural foci of infections in Chukot]

Somov GP,  Shubin FN,  Gopachenko IM,  Leonova GN,  Ivanenko TP.

[Article in Russian]

Results of a 3-year complex (zoo-parasitological, viral, bacteriological, and serological) studies of mammals and birds in Chukotka demonstrated the presence of natural foci of pseudo-tuberculosis, intestinal yersinosis, salmonellosis (heidelberg), and of tick-borne encephalitis. The existence of natural foci of tularemia and endemic rickettsioses is supposed on the basis of serological data.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arctic Regions
• *Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology
• Far East
• Intestinal Diseases/epidemiology
• Reindeer/immunology
• Salmonella Infections, Animal/epidemiology
• Sciuridae/immunology
• Siberia
• Tularemia/epidemiology
• Yersinia Infections/epidemiology
• Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infections/epidemiology
• Zoonoses/*epidemiology

Studies of louping-ill virus (Flavivirus group) in wild red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus).

Reid HW,  Duncan JS,  Phillips JD,  Moss R,  Watson A.

[Article in English]

Studies were made to find evidence of louping-ill virus infection in free-living red grouse and relate this to their breeding success. In areas where ticks were abundant 61 (84%) adult grouse had antibody to the virus compared with 1 (10%) in areas where ticks were relatively scarce. Of 162 chicks tested 25 were shown to be viraemic. Infected chicks were of significantly less weight than comparably aged uninfected birds and the probability that they died was much greater than that of uninfected birds. It is concluded that the relatively poor breeding success in areas of high tick numbers was principally due to infection with louping-ill virus. The susceptibility of the red grouse to infection is discussed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• *Animals
• *Animals, Wild
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Bird Diseases/*diagnosis
• Bird Diseases/mortality
• Birds
• Body Weight
• *Breeding
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Louping Ill/*diagnosis
• Louping Ill/mortality
• Scotland
• Sheep

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

Morphological demonstration of the virus of tick-borne encephalitis in the human brain.

Mazlo M,  Szanto J.

[Article in English]

A case is presented in which the fourfold increase of the HI titer during the progression of the disease, and an increase in IgM content found at the beginning of the second week of the disease confirmed the diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis. The light microscopic changes correspond to the findings accepted as characteristic to tick-borne encephalitis. Viruses, morphologically belonging to the Flavivirus genus were found by electron microscopy in the thalamus, substantia nigra, and cerebellum of the dissected brain. This paper presents the first demonstration of the virus in a case of a human tick-borne encephalitis.

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Brain/*microbiology
• Case Report
• Cerebellum/analysis
• Cerebellum/ultrastructure
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Human
• IgM/analysis
• Male
• Microscopy, Electron
• Substantia Nigra/analysis
• Substantia Nigra/ultrastructure
• Thalamus/analysis
• Thalamus/ultrastructure

Substances:

• 0 (IgM)

[Ixodid ticks as vectors of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in the western portion of the Baikal-Amur mainline].

Shashina NI,  Babenko LV,  Chunikhin SP,  Besmertnaia IK,  Vakker RG.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors/*microbiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Maps
• Population Density
• *Railroads
• Rodentia/parasitology
• Siberia
• Ticks/*microbiology

Suppression of an arenavirus by a togavirus in experimental acute double infection.

Hong Diet N,  Libikova H,  Rajcani J.

[Article in English]

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and tick-borne encephalitis virus (TEV) were inoculated in young and old chick embryo cell (CEC) and in L-cell cultures at various multiplicities per cell, simultaneously or 17 hr apart. The yield of infective LCMV was inhibited in double infection, most in old CEC with elevated interferon mechanisms, and least in L cells producing no interferon. In young CEC, TEV-induced interferon was stimulated by coinfecting LCMV; LCMV alone never has induced interferon. The reproduction of TEV was little affected. In doubly infected L cells the fluorescent antibody techniques revealed more cells positive for each viral antigen than in single infections, but the yield of LCMV per one antigen-positive cell was decreased. The course of TEV infection in cerebrally infected mice was not changed by co-infection with LCMV. The titre of LCMV in the brains of doubly infected mice was markedly suppressed when compared with LCMV monoinfection. High interferon levels in brains of all mice infected with TEV were not affected by LCMV co-infection.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/analysis
• Brain/metabolism
• Brain/microbiology
• Chick Embryo
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*growth & development
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Interferons/*biosynthesis
• L Cells (Cell Line)
• Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus/*growth & development
• Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus/immunology
• Mice
• Tissue Culture
• Virus Replication

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 9008-11-1 (Interferons)

Ticks, tourists, and encephalitis.

[No authors listed].

[Article in English]

Publication Types:

• Editorial

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/transmission
• Europe
• Human
• Travel
• Vaccination

Contribution to the histology of tick-borne encephalitis.

Kornyey S.

[Article in English]

The light microscopic changes of the first human case in which electron microscopic identification of the virus was successful, are described. They are compared with the findings accepted in the literature as characteristic of tick-borne encephalitis. Although meningeal and intracerebral infiltrations were partly connected, the process cannot be regarded as a meningoencephalitis. The choroid plexus remained free from infiltration. The discontinuous inflammatory process was severe in the cerebral cortex in the pre-central region, further in the temporal lobe, and became even more accentuated in the amygdaloid nucleus. Reduction in the number of nerve cells could be ascertained chiefly in the motor cortex. The tick-borne encephalitis belongs to the group of disseminated polioencephalitides with predilection site in the brain stem, all of them caused by ribonucleic acid viruses, irrespective of whether the virus belongs to the families of Picorna-, Toga-, or Rhabdoviruses. Within this histologically outlined group the individual entities possess distinctive traits. The significance of the anoxic-vasal factor in the process formation is displayed on the instance of some traits of the histological pictures.

MeSH Terms:

• Amygdala/pathology
• Brain/pathology
• Case Report
• Cerebral Cortex/pathology
• Choroid Plexus/pathology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*pathology
• Human
• Meninges/pathology
• Motor Cortex/pathology
• Temporal Lobe/pathology

[Problems of infectious pathology in the Baikal-Amur Trunk Line area]

Abtsyn AP,  Zhavoronkov AA.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Communicable Diseases/*epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Human
• Siberia
• Yersinia Infections/*epidemiology

The first tick-borne encephalitis virus isolates from Norway.

Traavik T,  Mehl R,  Wiger R.

[Article in English]

Five virus strains with close serological relationship to the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex have been isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks. The ticks were collected in early June 1976 at three different locations in Sogn & Fjordane County, Norway. One of the virus-yielding pools was composed of ticks collected between the cabins on a tourist camping ground.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors/*microbiology
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Norway
• Serotyping
• Ticks/*microbiology

Improved detection of virus-specific IgM antibodies. Elimination of non-specific IgM binding.

Schmitz H.

[Article in English]

A non-specific reaction between human IgM and cytoplasmic structures of virus infected cells can often be observed if MgM antibodies to virus antigens are detected by indirect immunofluorescence or by immuno enzyme assays. Formaldehyde selectively inactivates the cytoplasmic receptors for human IgM without affecting the virus structural proteins. Alternatively, receptor-free antigens can be obtained by isolation of nuclei from virus infected cells. Due to reduced background, a more specific and more sensitive detection of IgM antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus or central European encephalitis virus is possible.

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Antigens, Viral
• Binding Sites, Antibody
• Cell Line
• Cytomegalovirus/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• *Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Herpesvirus 4, Human/immunology
• Human
• IgM/*analysis

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Binding Sites, Antibody)
• 0 (IgM)

[Prevention and therapy of tick encephalitis]

Bodemann H,  Schmitz H.

[Article in German]

MeSH Terms:

• Bed Rest
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/drug therapy
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*therapy
• Germany, West
• Human
• Immunoglobulins/therapeutic use
• Vaccination

Substances:

• 0 (Immunoglobulins)

[Experimental corroboration of the persistence of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in bats in wintertime]

Drobishchenko NI,  L'vov DK,  Ukbaeva TD,  Kiriushchenko TV,  Karimov SK.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Chiroptera/*microbiology
• Disease Vectors
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Hibernation
• Seasons

[Regional epidemiologic characteristics of combined foci of tick-borne encephalitis, endemic rickettsioses and leptospirosis in Western Siberia]

Busygin FF,  Shaiman MS,  Chulovskii IK.

[Article in Russian]

The authors carried out complex study of combined foci of infections with natural foci in Western Siberia and their reflection in human pathology. The results of serological examination of 5917 persons and of 1743 of farm animals in respect to tick-borne encephalitis, Asian tick-borne rickettsiosis, Q-rickettsiosis, and leptospiroses are analysed. Affection of the population with all the four infections in all the landscape zones under study was shown; the intensity of this affection with different infections differed. Combined natural foci of the mentioned infections were found to be widespread; epidemiological significance of such combination was unequal in different ladscapes, this depending on the ladscape characteristics of the natural foci of infections under study and of different ways of transmission of their causative agents.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors
• Cattle
• Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/veterinary
• Geography
• Human
• Leptospirosis/*epidemiology
• Leptospirosis/veterinary
• Q Fever/epidemiology
• Q Fever/veterinary
• Reindeer
• Rickettsia Infections/*epidemiology
• Rickettsia Infections/veterinary
• Siberia
• Ticks

Antibody responses to vaccination against louping-ill virus in newborn lambs.

Wells PW,  Reid HW.

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
• Animal
• Animals, Newborn/*immunology
• Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis
• Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
• Antigens, Viral/administration & dosage
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Female
• Freund's Adjuvant/administration & dosage
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Louping Ill/prevention & control
• Mycobacterium bovis/immunology
• Pregnancy
• Sheep/*immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Adjuvants, Immunologic)
• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Bacterial)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 9007-81-2 (Freund's Adjuvant)

[Repeated case of tick-borne encephalitis with a fatal outcome]

Shasaitov SS,  Chartorizhskii NA,  Smekalov VP.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Autopsy
• Case Report
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*pathology
• Human
• Male
• Recurrence

[Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for class specific immunoglobulins against tick-borne encephalitis virus].

Frisch-Niggemeyer W,  Halonen P,  Heinz F,  Kunz C,  Ziola B.

[Article in German]

By adsorbing purified Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus antigen onto beads of polystyrene, a solid-phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) for specific antibodies of the IgM- and IgG-class in untreated and nonfractionated human sera could be developed. The antibodies were measured by antihuman-gamma and antihuman-mu globulin labelled with 125 I. The RIA was about 20 times as sensitive as the hemagglutination-inhibition test. About 10% more cases of TBE could be diagnosed with the RIA than with the 2-mercaptoethanol test.

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Antigens, Viral
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Human
• IgM/analysis
• Immunoglobulins/*analysis
• Meningoencephalitis/*immunology
• Polystyrenes
• Radioimmunoassay/methods

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (IgM)
• 0 (Immunoglobulins)
• 0 (Polystyrenes)

Isolation of louping-ill virus from red deer (Cervus elaphus).

Reid HW,  Barlow RM,  Pow I.

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/microbiology
• Brain/pathology
• *Deer
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Louping Ill/*microbiology
• Louping Ill/pathology
• Male
• Sheep

[Tick-borne encephalitis]

Amielanczyk W.

[Article in Polish]

Publication Types:

• Letter

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Antibodies/analysis
• Case Report
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age
• Ticks/immunology
• Time Factors

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies)

[Experimental characteristics of the susceptibility and sensitivity of common redbacked voles to 3 strains of the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Chunikhin SP,  Kurenkov VB,  Ryl'tseva EV,  Miasnikov IA.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Microtinae/*microbiology
• Rodentia/*microbiology
• Time Factors

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic)

[Electron microscopic study of the An-750 strain of Powassan virus isolated in the Soviet Union]

Sobolev SG,  Shestopalova NM,  Linev MB,  Rubin SG.

[Article in Russian]

Electron microscopic examinations of brains of white mice inoculated with the An 750 strain isolated for the first time from adult mosquitoes and with the prototype LB strain of Powassan virus were carried out. The method of combination of light and electron microscopy used in the study permitted to compare ultrastructural changes in one cell with the results of light microscopy. Sizes of virions and their localizations in the brain cells were determined. Virus particles were found in large and small neurons as well as in glial elements. Subcellular changes in neurons associated with virus multiplication are described. The causes of differences in sizes of virions measured in ultrathin sections are discussed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/*microbiology
• Brain/pathology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*ultrastructure
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/pathology
• Mice
• Microscopy, Electron
• USSR
• Virion/ultrastructure
• Virus Replication

[2 aspects of immunity in experimental flavivirus infections]

Semenov BF,  Khozinskii VV.

[Article in Russian]

Experimentally, two aspects protective and damaging, of the immune response were demonstrated in the course of development of infection in mice inoculated with tickborne encephalitis (TBE) virus, Langat, yellow fever, dengue type 2 or West Nile viruses. The experiments were carried out in animals in which the functions of T- and B-lymphocytes, were temporarily inhibited with cyclophosphane (CP). It was demonstrated that the protective or damaging role of the immune response depended on the method of inoculation of the animals, the virus properties, and characteristics of the mouse strain. The conditions optimal for the development of immunopathological reactions in one infection (TBE) were not identical for those in another infection even when caused by an antigenically related virus (LANGAT). In mice of the AKR strain the possibility of producing a therapeutic effect upon treatment with CP of the animals inoculated with TBE virus was demonstrated.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arbovirus Infections/*immunology
• Arbovirus Infections/mortality
• Comparative Study
• Dengue/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Immunosuppression
• Lymphocytes/immunology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred Strains/immunology
• Species Specificity
• Yellow Fever/immunology

Morphological characteristics of the infection of animals with tick-borne encephalitis virus persisting for a long time in cell cultures.

Andzhaparidze OG,  Rozina EE,  Bogomolova NN,  Boriskin YS.

[Article in English]

The pathogenicity of the Soph-K strain of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus produced by the persistently infected HEp-2-Soph cell culture was investigated in monkeys, white mice and hamsters. The persistent infection of this culture with TBE virus has been maintained for 17 years. The Soph-K strain was shown to retain its pathogenic properties for mice of different ages and hamsters. Morphological examinations of the brains and spinal cords of these animals infected with the Soph-K strain revealed acute and subacute forms of encephalitis. Monkeys inoculated with the Soph-K strain intracerebrally showed an asymptomatic infection with the pathomorphological picture of subacute disseminated meningoencephalitis with a progredient course for 3 months of observation. This chronic TBE infection in monkeys offers an interesting model for investigations on progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/pathology
• Cell Line
• Chronic Disease
• Disease Models, Animal
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/growth & development
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*pathology
• Hamsters
• Haplorhini
• Macaca
• Mice
• Spinal Cord/pathology

Investigations on the presence of antibodies to alphaviruses, flaviviruses, Bunyavirus and Kemerovo virus in humans and some domestic animals.

Draganescu N,  Girjabu E,  Iftimovici R,  Totescu E,  Iacobescu V,  Tudor G,  Manastireanu M.

[Article in English]

The presence of antibodies to some alphaviruses, flaviviruses, bunyaviruses and orbiviruses was studied in the sera from humans and domestic animals of biotopes "C" and "T" in the south-east of Romania. Specific antibodies were found in humans to 3 alphaviruses (eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis and Sindbis), in a very low proportion, and to 3 flaviviruses (tickborne encephalitis, West Nile and Ntaya), at a much higher percentage. Very low percentages of antibodies to Bunyavirus and Kemerovo virus were also detected. The proportion of antibodies to flaviruses (tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile and Ntaya) detected in domestic animals (sheep, cattle and swine) is much lower than that found in humans of the same biotope ("T").

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Animals, Domestic
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Arboviruses/*immunology
• Bunyamwera Group Viruses/*immunology
• Comparative Study
• Complement Fixation Tests
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Kemerovo Virus/*immunology
• Reoviridae/*immunology
• Romania

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Effect of hyperimmunization with tick-borne encephalitis virus on lipid metabolism]

Fedorov TS,  Sevast'ianova VA.

[Article in Russian]

Prolonged administration to rabbits of the brain tissue of albino mice and of the cell culture of chick embryo with and without the tick-borne encephalitis virus was accompanied by the changes in the qualitative fatty acid composition in the blood serum in the direction of increase of the polyunsaturated compounds; iodine number increased in the liver. A five-cycle immunization with the virus-containing material and with the brain tissue led to the rise in the content of blood serum beta-lipoproteins. The noted deviations were more pronounced in using the tick-borne encephalitis virus. Hyperimmunization with the virus-containing antigen promoted elevation of the lipolytic activity of the blood serum and of the liver tissue.

MeSH Terms:

• Adipose Tissue/metabolism
• Animal
• Chinchilla
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/metabolism
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Fatty Acids/metabolism
• Lipids/blood
• Lipids/*metabolism
• Liver/metabolism
• Rabbits
• *Vaccination
• Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage

Substances:

• 0 (Fatty Acids)
• 0 (Lipids)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Effect of the physiological state of ticks on the intensity of tick-borne encephalitis virus replication in them]

Mishaeva NP,  Votiakov VI.

[Article in Russian]

The features of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus reproduction in Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor anderson ticks were studied in relation to the age of ticks, duration of fasting, feeding, and conditions of keeping the ticks before and after the experiment. Parenteral infection of ticks at various intervals after molting showed that the most favourable conditions for reproduction, survival, transphase and transovarial transmission of the virus occurred when the virus was given to the ticks in the first days after the period of postlarval development followed by feeding the vectors on vertebrates. In this case, owing to increased metabolic activity and intensive organogenesis and histogenesis, the virus persisted in ticks in high titers till the moment of oviposition and penetrated into the egg batch. When the virus was inoculated into old exhausted females (8-18 months) virus titers in ticks were low and penetration of the virus into the egg batch was irregular.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*physiology
• Fasting
• Larva
• Nymph
• Temperature
• Ticks/microbiology
• Ticks/*physiology
• Virus Replication

[Comparative study of B-lymphocyte activity in the spleen of mice infected with viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex]

Larina GI,  Karpovich LG,  Levkovich EN.

[Article in Russian]

Most arbovirus infections are characterized by multiplication of the causative agent in tissues of the reticuloendothelial system. In this study, the effect of some viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex on the reaction of B-cells of mouse spleens was investigated by the hemolysin-producing activity (number of plaque-forming cells). To equal small doses of a highly virulent (Pan), naturally attenuated (Tp-21) and experimentally attenuated (Tp-21-237) strains the immunocompetent cells of mouse spleens responded by active reactions. The immunocompetence of these cells after primary introduction of the antigens persists and revaccination response occurs after a secondary infection with the same viruses. Under these experimental conditions the active response of spleen cells to the antigenic stimulation correlates with formation of the specific resistance and does not correlate with the level of antihemagglutinins in the blood.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/analysis
• Antibody Formation
• Antibody-Producing Cells/immunology
• Antigens, Viral
• B-Lymphocytes/*immunology
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Hemolytic Plaque Technique
• Mice
• Spleen/*immunology
• Virulence

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Properties of the tick-borne encephalitis virus persisting for a long time in a chronically infected cell culture]

Andzhaparidze OG,  Bogomolova NN,  Boriskin IS.

[Article in Russian]

The biological properties of tick-borne encephalitis virus (Sof K) produced by chronically infected HEp-2-Sof cells at late stages of the cultivation were studied. The Sof K virus was infective for mice of different ages upon intracerebral and subcutaneous inoculation, had high immunogenicity and was completely neutralized by antiserum to the parental strain. The Sof K virus had the small-plaque phenotype and replicated with similar intensity in pig embryo cell cultures (SPEC) at 36 degrees, 42 degrees and 31 degrees C.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cells, Cultured/*microbiology
• Chronic Disease
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Hamsters
• Haplorhini
• Macaca
• Mesocricetus
• Mice
• Time Factors
• Virus Replication

Long-term persistence of cell-mediated and humoral immune response in specifically resistant mice given live attenuated langat (E5 "14") virus.

Gajdosova E,  Mayer V.

[Article in English]

In a long-term experiment, the features of humoral and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) were investigated in mice given intravenously (i.v.) a single dose of live attenuated Langat (E5 "14") virus of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex. The inapparent infection induced in mice specific resistance against challenge with virulent TBE virus, CMI was assayed by the capillary method of murine splenic lymphocyte migrarion inhibition (LMI) in the presence of partially purified TBE vurus. Significant LMI values were observed as early as 4 days after inoculation (p.i.), persisting for at least 15 months. Specific virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies were detected in the pooled serum of mice on the 4th day p.i. by a VN test potentiated with monospecific anti-mouse IgG serum. For the whole experimental period, significant antibody levels were found in the immunized mice which also displayed a complete resistance against 1000 s.c. LD50 of the virulent virus. Organ cultures of brain and spleen from these mice did not yield infections virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Antigens, Viral
• Arbovirus Infections/*immunology
• Arboviruses/*immunology
• Cell Migration Inhibition
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• *Immunity, Cellular
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred ICR

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Insulin activity of blood serum of rabbits immunized with tick-borne encephalitis- and western-equine-encephalomyelitis viruses]

Fedorova TS.

[Article in Russian]

Administration of brain suspension of intact albino mice during the 1st, 3rd and 7th days after a single, double and prolonged (5-cycle) immunization of rabbits produced no significant changes in the functional condition of the insular apparatus. A single use in the capacity of an antigen of the brain tissue containing the tick-borne encephalitis or western horse encephalomyelitis viruses also led to no marked shifts in the blood serum insulin activity. In reimmunization with the virus-containing material the value analysed decreased on the 7th day in comparison with the 1st and the 3rd days after the antigenic stimulation. A suppression of the hormonal function of the insular apparatus of the pancreas during the 1st and the 7th days of study was noted after the hyperimmunization with the virus-containing brain suspensions.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral
• Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Immunization, Secondary
• Insulin/*blood
• Insulin/deficiency
• Insulin Antagonists
• Male
• Rabbits
• Time Factors
• Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Insulin Antagonists)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)
• 11061-68-0 (Insulin)

[Cases of postvaccinal encephalomyelitis after inoculation against tick-borne encephalitis]

Shasaitov SS.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Case Report
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Encephalomyelitis/*etiology
• Human
• Male
• Vaccination/*adverse effects
• Viral Vaccines/*adverse effects

Substances:

• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

A comparison of brain lysosomal enzyme activities in four experimental togavirus encephalitides.

Suckling AJ,  Jagelman S,  Webb HE.

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Acid Phosphatase/analysis
• Animal
• Arbovirus Infections/*enzymology
• Arylsulfatases/analysis
• Brain/*enzymology
• Chikungunya Virus
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis/*enzymology
• Encephalitis/pathology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• Female
• Glucosaminidase/analysis
• Glucuronidase/analysis
• Lysosomes/*enzymology
• Mice
• Peptide Hydrolases/analysis
• Semliki Forest Virus
• Sindbis Virus
• Virus Replication

Substances:

• EC 3.1.3.2 (Acid Phosphatase)
• EC 3.1.6.1 (Arylsulfatases)
• EC 3.2.1.- (Glucosaminidase)
• EC 3.2.1.31 (Glucuronidase)
• EC 3.4 (Peptide Hydrolases)

[2-mercapto-ethanol application in tick-borne encephalitis serologic diagnostics].

Gresikova M,  Sekeyova M.

[Article in Slovak]

MeSH Terms:

• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• *Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Mercaptoethanol/*diagnostic use
• Middle Age

Substances:

• 60-24-2 (Mercaptoethanol)

Another possible precipitating factor in multiple sclerosis: the exposure to organic solvents.

Amaducci L,  Arfaioli C,  Inzitari D,  Martinetti MG.

[Article in English]

Recent clinical observations seem to indicate that a possible correlation may exist between the appearance of inflammatory diseases of the nervous system and exposure to organic solvents. In certain cases the patients could not be distinguished, either from the clinical or laboratory point of view, from typical cases of multiple sclerosis. These observations raise the problem of a possible action of organic solvents on the immunological responses, already described in different pathological conditions as a further possible precipitating factor in MS.

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Arboviruses/immunology
• Case Report
• Cell Membrane/drug effects
• Child
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Female
• Human
• Immunosuppression
• Leukocytes
• Male
• Multiple Sclerosis/*chemically induced
• Osmotic Fragility/drug effects
• Solvents/*poisoning

Substances:

• 0 (Solvents)

[On virus aetiology in Guillain-Barre syndrome].

Novak M,  Kulkova H.

[Article in Czech]

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/complications
• Herpesviridae Infections/complications
• Human
• Influenza/complications
• Paramyxoviridae Infections/complications
• Polyradiculopathy/*etiology
• Virus Diseases/*complications

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Use of protamine sulfate and polyethylene glycol 6000 for purificaton and concentration of tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Gall W,  Kuthan R.

[Article in Polish]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
• Chromatography, Gel/methods
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Hemagglutinins, Viral/isolation & purification
• Mice
• Polyethylene Glycols/*pharmacology
• Protamines/*pharmacology

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Hemagglutinins, Viral)
• 0 (Polyethylene Glycols)
• 0 (Protamines)

Protection of mice against tick-borne encephalitis by different classes of immunoglobulins.

Hofmann H,  Frisch-Niggemeyer W,  Kunz C.

[Article in English]

The protective capacities of IgM and IgG immunoglobulins from fractionated human or mouse sera were investigated in tests with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Mice were resistant to challenge with tick-borne encephalitis virus if previously inoculated with specific immunoglobulins but not nonspecific immunoglobulins. The protective ability of IgM, whether derived from mouse or human sera, was only about 1/40 of that of IgG preparations adjusted to the same haemagglutination inhibition or neutralising titres.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibody Specificity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Human
• IgG/therapeutic use
• IgM/therapeutic use
• Immune Sera
• Immunoglobulins/*therapeutic use
• Mice

Substances:

• 0 (IgG)
• 0 (IgM)
• 0 (Immune Sera)
• 0 (Immunoglobulins)

[Ultrastructural changes in the central nervous system of mice in tick-borne encephalitis]

Erman BA,  Tulakina LG,  Bronitskaia EI,  Aleksandrova NN.

[Article in Russian]

Tick-borne encephalitis virus is localized in nerve cells and intracellular spaces. According to the nature of ultrastructural changes, the pathological process in nerve cells may be divided into three stages connected with the stages of virus reproduction. In the first stage, the protein-synthesizing systems of the cell are degraded. In the second stage specific virus inclusions form in the cell cytoplasm as aggregates of mature and immature virions alongside with destruction of ultrastructures and growth of smooth membranes. In the third stage degradation of neurons is accompanied by necrobiosis and discomplexation of the surrounding glial elements, processes, cells of the inflammatory infiltrate and capillary walls. A certain combination of nonspecific changes in organelles of various cells with viral inclusions makes the ultrastructural picture of the focus of lesions in tick-borne encephalitis sufficiently characteristic for differential pathological diagnosis.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/*pathology
• Cytoplasm/microbiology
• Cytoplasm/ultrastructure
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*pathology
• Inclusion Bodies, Viral
• Mice
• Neurons/pathology
• Spinal Cord/*pathology
• Virion/isolation & purification
• Virus Replication

Early diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) by demonstration of specific IgM antibodies.

Granstrom M,  Grandien M,  Saikku P.

[Article in English]

The demonstration of specific IgM antibodies after separation of immunoglobulins was used for the early diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). The separation was done by sucrose-gradient density ultracentrifugation and IgM antibodies were demonstrated with the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. IgM antibodies were found in 9/11 sera taken within 3 days after onset of clinical symptoms and in all sera (37/37) taken 4--15 days after onset of the disease. Most sera (22/24) were still IgM positive 3--6 weeks after onset of the disease. After this period of time IgM antibodies could no longer be defected. The demonstration of IgM antibodies also proved valuable in confirming the diagnosis in several cases where no antibody rise was found neither by the complement-fixation (cf), nor by the HI test.

MeSH Terms:

• *Antibodies, Viral
• Centrifugation, Density Gradient
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Finland
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• *IgM
• Sweden

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (IgM)

[Study of repair synthesis of DNA induced by ultraviolet irradiation of human cells chronically infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Chekova VV,  Marinina VP,  Bogomolova NN.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Cadmium/pharmacology
• Caffeine/pharmacology
• Cells, Cultured
• Chronic Disease
• Culture Media
• DNA/*biosynthesis
• DNA Repair/drug effects
• DNA Repair/*radiation effects
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• Human
• *Ultraviolet Rays

Substances:

• 0 (Culture Media)
• 58-08-2 (Caffeine)
• 7440-43-9 (Cadmium)
• 9007-49-2 (DNA)

[Formation of DNA-proviruses in cells of a human transplantable lymphoid line during infection with tick-borne encephalitis viruses or measles virus]

Barinskii IF,  Deriabin PG,  Skorikova AS,  Khaletskaia EV,  Skurkovich SV.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• *Crossing Over (Genetics)
• DNA Viruses/*genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*genetics
• *Genes, Viral
• Measles Virus/*genetics
• Transformation, Genetic

Rapid diagnosis of tick - borne encephalitis by immunofluorescence assay of specific serum IgM antibodies.

Frankova V,  Chyle M,  Duniewicz M,  Marhoul Z,  Kolman JM,  Mancal P.

[Article in English]

The indirect IF technique, using suspensions of TBE virus infected and uninfected PS cells as antigen-containing substrate, furnishes a rapid and practical test making possible the detection of specific IgM class serum antibodies in the initial stage of clinically manifest TBE. It enables early confirmation of diagnosis already in the acute phase of the disease and thus it can be instrumental in differential diagnosis and rational therapy, e.g., the administration of specific hyperimmune gamma-globulin.

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/immunology
• *Antibody Specificity
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• *Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Human
• IgM/*immunology
• Time Factors

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (IgM)

[Neuromorphological and immunofluorescence study of experimental infection caused by the attenuated strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Dremov DD.

[Article in Russian]

In Syrian hamsters inoculated subcutaneously with an attenuated strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus the infection runs an asymptomatic course in all the animals, some of which, however, develop within 4 weeks some changes in nerve cells and hypertrophy of astrocytes. The viral antigen is detected by Coons' method in nerve cells and spleen cells. An intensive treatment of the hamsters with cyclophosphane 106 days after virus inoculation provoked no morphological lesions in the brain which could have been associated with virus activation. No virus antigen could be found in brain impression smears either. However, in both untreated animals and those treated with the immunosuppressant drug the viral antigen was found in mononuclear cells of the spleen.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
• Brain/pathology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*pathology
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Hamsters
• Mesocricetus
• Spleen/immunology
• Spleen/pathology

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Virus-specific sequences in the genome of cells chronically infected with the tick-borne encephalitis virus detected by the DNA-DNA hybridization method]

Andzhaparidze OG,  Drynov ID,  Bogomolova NN,  Cheliapov NV,  Tarasov LF.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• DNA/*genetics
• DNA, Viral/*genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
• Escherichia coli/genetics
• *Genes, Viral
• Hybridization
• Mathematics
• RNA Polymerase I/genetics
• Transcription, Genetic

Substances:

• 0 (DNA, Viral)
• 9007-49-2 (DNA)
• EC 2.7.7.- (RNA Polymerase I)

[Neural pathway of Powassan virus spread in the central nervous system of white mice]

Sobolev SG,  Shestopalova NM.

[Article in Russian]

Electron microscopic investigation of the brains and lumbar spinal cords of adult albino mice infected with Powassan virus was carried out. Virus particles were found within all parts of neurons (perikarya, dendrites, axon), as well as within synaptic apparatus and intercellular gaps of the central nervous tissue. The possibility of the virus spread both throughout the cytoplasm of nerve cells and their processes and the extracellular spaces of the brain was confirmed. Localization of virions within neurons, synapses and myelinated fibers of the spinal cord after intracerebral inoculation suggests that virus spread in the CNS can occur through the CNS parenchyma and also through the nervous conduction pathways. The possible mechanisms of virus dissemination in the CNS of albino mice with experimental Powassan virus encephalomyelitis are discussed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Axons/microbiology
• Brain/microbiology
• Central Nervous System/*microbiology
• Dendrites/microbiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Inclusion Bodies, Viral
• Mice
• Neural Pathways/microbiology
• Neurons/*microbiology
• Spinal Cord/microbiology
• Virion/pathogenicity

[Pathomorphology of experimental infection caused by powassan virus isolated in the Primorskii Territory]

Isachkova LM,  Frolova MP,  Leonova GN,  Karmysheva VI,  Somov GP.

[Article in Russian]

Pathomorphology of the infection caused by Powassan virus strains isolated in the Primorsky Kray was studied in white mice. The central nervous system of the animals sacrificed in the time course of the infectious process was studied by light and luminescent microscopy. Severe diffuse inflammatory-degenerative changes were found in the brain and spinal cord. Immunofluorescence revealed cytoplasmic localization of the virus antigen in neurons, glial and connective tissue cells.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/pathology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*pathology
• Far East
• Mice
• Siberia
• Spinal Cord/pathology

[Association of tick-borne encephalitis with other acute infections]

Shapoval AN.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Acute Disease
• Adenoviridae Infections/complications
• Adult
• Case Report
• Child, Preschool
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*complications
• Erythema/complications
• Hepatitis A/complications
• Human
• Male

[Ixodes persulcatus P. Sch. in the natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis at the southern border of the distribution area].

Kuksgauzen NA,  Vorontsova TA,  Pchelkina AA,  Guseva EG.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*parasitology
• Population Density
• Russia
• *Ticks

[Computerized scanning analyses of FITC-labelled microscopic slides].

Korting HJ,  Klagge E,  Warweg U,  Porstmann I,  Weber P.

[Article in German]

FITC-labelled virus antigen was analysed in infected cells by means of scanning-fluorometry. According to the predetermined classification the values were computerized and printed out by a mosaic printer or by a coordinate-recorder as a profile graph or a perspective image. The total impression of the 3 dimensional print-out of the quantificated topographic distribution of antigen accumulations within the cells can be optimated by variation of the angle of view.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/*analysis
• Brain/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Fluorometry/*methods
• Mice

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

Studies on the experimental infection of Hyalomma dromedarii (Koch) ticks with tick-born encephalitis virus.

Nawrocka E.

[Article in English]

The replication dynamics of 4 strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus, differing in neurovirulence towards white mice, and their penetration to the salivary glands and ovaries of H. dromedarii were examined. The ticks were infected by being artificially fed a large dose of the virus and were observed for 44 days. The virus actively multiplied in whole ticks and examined organs. A relation between the neurovirulence of the strains towards white mice and persistence of infection in the ticks and their organs was observed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*growth & development
• Oviducts/microbiology
• Salivary Glands/microbiology
• Ticks/*microbiology

[Acid-base equilibrium in patients with tick-borne encephalitis and similar diseases]

Subbotin AV,  Kovalenko VN,  Levandovskaia GI.

[Article in Russian]

The study is concerned with the acid-base balance in 92 patients with tick-borne encephalitis, tick-borne fever and meningitis of an obscure etiology. In many cases there was a shift in the direction of a metabolic acidosis, which was most vividly expressed in the meningitic form of tick-borne encephalitis. Some of the patients were treated by sodium bicarbonate which exerted a positive effect. The degree of changed indices of the acid-base balance and the time of their appearance helps in the diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis correct evaluation of the severity of the condition and timely prescription of correction therapy.

MeSH Terms:

• Acidosis/*etiology
• Bicarbonates/blood
• Buffers/blood
• Carbon Dioxide/blood
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/blood
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*complications
• Female
• Fever
• Human
• Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
• Male
• Meningitis/*complications

Substances:

• 0 (Bicarbonates)
• 0 (Buffers)
• 124-38-9 (Carbon Dioxide)

[Detection of tick-borne encephalitis patients in Chu District]

Vargina SG,  Toktaliev SA,  Il'in VA.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Body Temperature
• Case Report
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Human
• Kyrgyzstan
• Male

[Tick-born encephalitis (ESME) as laboratory infection]

Bodemann HH,  Pausch J,  Schmitz H,  Hoppe-Seyler G.

[Article in German]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Case Report
• *Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/transmission
• Human
• *Laboratory Infection
• Male

[Chronic infection of cells with tick-borne encephalitis virus. Additional characteristics of the provirus]

Astakhova AV,  Deriabin PG,  Bogomolova NN,  Klimenko SM,  Farashian FR.

[Article in Russian]

The paper presents additional characteristics of HEp-2 cells cronically infested with tick-borne encephalitis virus, Sofyin strain (Hep-2-Sof). On the basis of the inhibition analysis, the method of molecular hybridization, and transfection, HEp-2-Sof cells were shown to contain dozens of DNA-transcripts of tick-borne encephalitis virus integrated into nucleoplasm DNA and into the fraction of repeated sequences. Their transcription is mediated by a polymerase sensitive to L-amanitine.

MeSH Terms:

• Amantadine/pharmacology
• Cell Line
• Clone Cells
• DNA
• Dactinomycin/pharmacology
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
• Nucleic Acid Hybridization
• RNA, Viral
• Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
• Transfection
• Virus Replication/drug effects

Substances:

• 0 (RNA, Viral)
• 50-76-0 (Dactinomycin)
• 768-94-5 (Amantadine)
• 9007-49-2 (DNA)

[Gel filtration chromatography of tick-borne encephalitis virus on macropore glass]

Krasilnikov IV,  El'bert LB,  Mamonenko LL,  Pogodina VV,  Krutianskaia GL.

[Article in Russian]

The capacity of some chemically treated porous glass to adsorb tissue culture virus of tick-borne encephalitis was studied. Chemical binding of albumin and succinanhydride with the porous glass matrix was found to eliminate virion adsorption on the carrier surface. This permitted to carry out gel filtration chromatography of several virus strains and to obtain highly purified preparations of tick-borne encephalitis virus. Gel filtration on modified porous glass with different pore sizes was used for the determinations of cromatographic radius of virus particle.

MeSH Terms:

• Chromatography, Gel/instrumentation
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification

[Experimental infection caused by attenuated strains of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex in the bodies of immunosuppressed animals]

Ladyzhenskaia IP,  Vorob'eva MS.

[Article in Russian]

Exacerbation of virus infection caused by 4 attenuated strains of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex in BALB/c mice treated with an immunosuppressant was demonstrated. The influence of the treatment was manifested both in an increased extraneural activity of the virus, higher mortality of the experimental animals, and in high virus titers in the brain, liver, and spleen of the immunosuppressed animals, and a decrease or complete absence of specific antibody in their sera.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• *Immunosuppression
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Species Specificity
• Virulence

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Some demographic datas from Ixodes ricinus Linne: vector of a virus strain of central european encephalitis in Alsace].

Chatelain J,  Ardoin P.

[Article in French]

This work shows the montly variation in the density and stage composition of the population of the tick Ixodes Ricinus in the Rhine forest. Some factors influencing this variation are analysed. These include the locality of egg-laying and of down localisation and the main climatic variables. We also try to link these ecological data with the strains of Central European Encephalitis virus isolated from this arthropod.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors
• Climate
• Ecology
• Encephalitis Viruses/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/transmission
• Female
• France
• Male
• *Population Density
• Seasons
• *Ticks/microbiology

[Tick-born encephalitis in southeastern Bavaria].

Henigst W.

[Article in German]

In 1976 blood samples from 748 patients were tested for complement fixation antibodies against the virus of tickborne encephalitis. Of these, 38 had antibodies in a serum dilution of 1:8, 18 also in a dilution of 1:32 or higher. Clinical symptoms, laboratory results, time and place of illness are presented in more detailed analysis for 14 cases. From these data, it appears than tick-borne encephalitis is more wide-spread in southeastern Bavaria than has been previously supposed. In most of the cases, tick-borne encephalitis was not suspected because the patients generally did not have a bi-pattern of illness, only 6 of the 14 had a definite history of a tick-bite, and, moreover, atypical features frequently occurred in addition to CNS symptoms. The number of juvenile patients (4 out of 14) was also unexpected. Attention is drawn to the present situation with regard to passive and active immunization.

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Age Factors
• Antibodies, Viral
• Case Report
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Female
• Germany, West
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age
• Vaccination

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Central European encephalitis]

Ackermann R.

[Article in German]

Publication Types:

• Letter

MeSH Terms:

• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Germany, West
• Human
• Vaccination

[Effectiveness of complex preventive measures for the control of tick-borne encephalitis in the Novosibirsk district]

Chudinov PI.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Evaluation Studies
• Human
• Siberia

[Protective effect of cellular immunity in experimental Flavivirus infections]

Khozinskii VV,  Semenov BF.

[Article in Russian]

Experiments were conducted with the tick-borne encephalitis (TE) virus; confirmation of a protective action of cellular immunity in mice was obtained. Administration of sensitized splenocytes to the animals together with the virus was accompanied with an increase of their mean survival or with the reduction of mortality in comparison with control animals given nonimmune or destroyed cells. The protective action of the effector cells was not connected with the intensification of antibody formation in the recipients. A high specificity of cellular immunity was noted in experimental flaviviral infections. The presence of common antigens in the TE and Langat viruses was revealed with the acid of cross splenocyte migration inhibition test (CSMRT). There was also revealed a difference of these viruses from the viruses of yellow fever, Dengue type 2, or Sindbis. The results of studying of the specificity of cellular immunity in the CSMRT found confirmation in experiments with adoptive transfer of splenocytes. Cross protection was caused only by splenocytes sensitized to the TE and Langat viruses.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Dengue/*immunology
• Dengue/pathology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/pathology
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• *Immunity, Cellular
• In Vitro
• Mice
• Spleen/pathology

[Study and prevention of natural-foci diseases in USSR]

Kucheruk VV,  Olsuf'ev NG,  Grokhovskaia IM,  Karukin BE,  Tarasevich IV,  Chernukha IG.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Human
• Leishmaniasis/*prevention & control
• Leptospirosis/*prevention & control
• Rickettsia Infections/*prevention & control
• Tularemia/*prevention & control
• USSR

[Late neurological sequelae of tick-borne encephalitis in the population of the Olsztyn province]

Jezyna C,  Ciesielski T.

[Article in Polish]

The authors studied the incidence of late and permanent neurological sequelae of tick-borne encephalitis in the population of the Province of Olsztyn. The investigations were carried out in a group of 103 patients who were affected in the years 1970--1974. The diagnosis was confirmed in all cases with epidemiological, clinical and laboratory investigations and serological evidence of tick-borne encephalitis. It was shown in these studies that tick-borne encephalitis caused development of permanent lesions in the central and peripheral nervous system in 25.3% of cases. It was observed, moreover, that a considerable part of neurological signs found in the acute stage of the disease disappear during hospital treatment but later on after discharge from the hospital the symptoms of nervous system damage reappear and new signs develop which had not been observed in the acute stage. In the light of these studies the authors conclude that a considerable proportion of convalescents have limited physical and intellectual efficiency making impossible their return to their previous work and causing not infrequently permanent loss of working ability which must be kept in mind by physicians from different specialities.

MeSH Terms:

• Acute Disease
• Adolescence
• Adult
• Central Nervous System Diseases/*etiology
• Child
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*complications
• Hemiplegia/etiology
• Human
• Middle Age
• Paralysis/etiology
• Peroneal Nerve
• Poland
• Time Factors

[Survival of tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses in a brain cell culture from suckling mice]

Ladyzhenskaia IP,  Vorob'eva MS,  Dzagurov SG.

[Article in Russian]

The evidence of long-term survival of the tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses in primarily trypsinized brain cells of suckling mice inoculated in vivo is presented. The viability of the brain cell cultures from suckling mice inoculated with an attenuated strain was shown to be higher than that of a similar culture of the brain cells from suckling mice infected with a virulent strain. The infectious virus could be recovered for over 200 days of the existence of these cultures. The experimental results appear to be another confirmation of the capacity of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex, particularly of the attenuated strains, for persistence.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/*cytology
• Cells, Cultured
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Haplorhini
• Kidney/cytology
• Plaque Assay
• Swine
• Time Factors
• Virulence

[In vitro demonstration of the cytotoxic activity of splenocytes sensitized to the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Telish VM,  Semenov BF,  Khozinskii VV.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cell Movement
• Cells, Cultured
• *Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
• Dengue Virus/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Fibroblasts/immunology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Spleen/cytology
• Spleen/*immunology

The occurrence of antibody to Babesia and to the virus of louping-ill in deer in Scotland.

Adam KM,  Beasley SJ,  Blewett DA.

[Article in English]

Sera of wild red deer from 16 localities in Scotland were tested by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique for antibody to Babesia and by the haemagglutination inhibition test for antibody to the virus of louping-ill. Babesial antibody was detected in sera from all localities in proportions ranging from 22 to 100 per cent. Antibody to louping-ill virus could not be demonstrated in sera from five of the localities and in the other 11 was found less frequently than was antibody to Babesia. Sera from male and female deer were positive for louping-ill in almost equal proportions whereas the incidence of babesial antibody was significantly lower in females than in mature males. This difference could be explained by the habits of the deer. The variable occurrence of louping-ill antibody suggested that red deer are tangential hosts for the virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies/*analysis
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Babesia/*immunology
• Deer/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Female
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Male
• Scotland

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies)
• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Seroepidemiological investigations of the occurrence of tick-borne encephalitis in Switzerland].

Munzinger J,  Marki H,  Modde H,  Hiltbold P,  Schneider M,  Henn V,  Wyler R.

[Article in German]

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
• Antibody Formation
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Human
• Switzerland

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Histamine levels in the blood of humans experimental animals under normal conditions and following vaccination]

Vasil'eva OA,  Beketova ZP,  Stavitskaia NK.

[Article in Russian]

The authors present the results of study of the blood histamine content in intact rabbits and in the animals to which commercial vaccines with a different degree of reactogenic property for man were administered. The blood histamine level was also studied in practically healthy individuals and in those vaccinated with inactivated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine. The blood histamine content varied in intact rabbits from 4 to 10 microgram/ml, averaging 6.4 +/- 0.09 microgram/ml. Animal immunization caused elevation of the blood histamine content correlating with the reactogenic properties of the preparations for man: vaccines with low reactogenic properties--inactivated encephalitis and live measles vaccine produced no significant changes in the index under study; as to the typhoid vaccine with sextatoxoid, and smallpox vaccine with marked reactogenic properties--they stimulated significant histaminemia in rabbits. Revaccination of man against tick-borne encephalitis with the inactivated cultural vaccine caused an increase in the blood histamine content.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Chinchilla
• Diphtheria/prevention & control
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/blood
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Histamine/*blood
• Measles/prevention & control
• Rabbits
• Rabies/prevention & control
• Smallpox/prevention & control
• Tetanus/prevention & control
• Typhoid Fever/prevention & control
• *Vaccination
• Whooping Cough/prevention & control

Substances:

• 51-45-6 (Histamine)

Antibodies to arboviruses in northwestern Spain.

Gonzalez MT,  Filipe AR.

[Article in English]

A survey for antibodies to arboviruses was done in the human population of the north of Spain (provinces of La Coruna, Orense, Pontevedra, Leon, Asturias). Sera were obtained from 701 persons living in the area. The hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test showed that 16.5% of the population studied had antibodies to group B arboviruses. All sera were negative for group A and Phlebotomus fever group viruses, as well as for Tahyna and Calovo. No evidence of antibody to tick-borne encephalitis viruses was found. Neutralization tests done with several group B viruses on 56 selected sera with HI antibodies confirmed an earlier infection with West Nile and probably one other group B virus not included in the test battery. A high rate of antibody was found in young persons, indicating that epidemic activity occurred between 1961 and 1970 in the area studied.

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Aged
• *Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Antigen-Antibody Reactions
• Arboviruses/*immunology
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Cross Reactions
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Middle Age
• Spain

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Effect of a poly I-poly C complex with poly-L-lysine on experimental tick-borne encephalitis]

Burgasova MP,  Andzhaparidze OG,  Bektemirov TA,  Bogomolova NN,  Boriskin IS.

[Article in Russian]

The influence of the poly(I)-poly(C) complex with poly-l-lysine on the development and course of experimental tick-borne encephalitis was studied in Macaca rhesus monkeys. Prophylactic administration of the substance under study, although not preventing the disease, modified its course and facilitated recovery of the animals. Poly(I)-poly(C) and its complex with poly-l-lysine were shown to have no effect on production of infectious virus or its antigen demonstrable by the immunofluorescence procedure in HEp-2 cells chronically infected with tick-borne encephalitis virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Body Temperature/drug effects
• Cells, Cultured
• Comparative Study
• Drug Combinations
• Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*drug therapy
• Haplorhini
• In Vitro
• Interferon Inducers
• Interferons/blood
• Macaca
• Peptides/*therapeutic use
• Poly I-C/*therapeutic use
• Polylysine/*therapeutic use
• Time Factors

Substances:

• 0 (Drug Combinations)
• 0 (Interferon Inducers)
• 0 (Peptides)
• 24939-03-5 (Poly I-C)
• 25104-18-1 (Polylysine)
• 9008-11-1 (Interferons)

[Division of tick-borne encephalitis virus distribution area into regions. 2. Structure of the area]

Korenberg EI.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Asia
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Europe
• Russia
• Siberia

[Use of suspension adsorption methods for studying arboviruses]

Kokorev VS,  Gaidamovich SI.

[Article in Russian]

Hemagglutinating antigens of Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus and 5 strains of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus were charcaterized by their capacity to adsorb on inorganic (kaolin, bentonite, barium sulphate) and organic (chick embryo fibroblasts) adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of TBE virus was more marked than that of WEE. The TBE virus strains 4072 and 1524 avid in serological tests adsorbed better on inorganic adsorbents than nonavid strains No. 80 and 1509. In contrast, nonavid strains interacted better with biologic adsorbents. The adsorption capacity of tissue culture antigens was superior to that of brain hemagglutinating antigens. By means of adsorption on kaolin and chick embryo fibroblasts hemagglutinating and nonhemagglutinating infections particles of WEE and TBE viruses which also differed in some biological properties were separated.

MeSH Terms:

• Adsorption
• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/analysis
• Arboviruses/immunology
• Arboviruses/*isolation & purification
• California Group Viruses/immunology
• Chick Embryo
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Epitopes
• Hemagglutinins, Viral/analysis
• Immunosorbents
• Kaolin
• Suspensions
• Virology/*methods

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Epitopes)
• 0 (Hemagglutinins, Viral)
• 0 (Immunosorbents)
• 0 (Suspensions)
• 1332-58-7 (Kaolin)

Comparison of interferon-inducing activities and antiviral effects of tobacco mosaic virus, tilorone and sodium nucleinate.

Balezina TI,  Korneeva LE,  Zemskov VM,  Loidina GI,  Nikolaeva OV,  Fainshtein SL,  Fadeeva LL,  Eromolieva ZV.

[Article in English]

Endogenous interferon was produced in animals in response to the administration of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), tilorone and sodium nucleinate. The relationship between interferon production and the kind of inducer and the route of its administration was studied. TMV was completely innocuous for Macaca rhesus monkeys and mice and caused no untoward effects in humans upon peroral administration. TMV, tilorone and sodium nucleinate given per os exerted a marked protective effect in mice against tick-borne encephalitis, eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis and influenza virus infections.

MeSH Terms:

• Administration, Oral
• Animal
• Comparative Study
• Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Encephalomyelitis, Equine/prevention & control
• Fluorenes/*pharmacology
• Human
• Influenza/prevention & control
• *Interferon Inducers/administration & dosage
• Interferons/*biosynthesis
• Interferons/urine
• Mice
• Nucleic Acids/administration & dosage
• Nucleic Acids/*pharmacology
• Rabbits
• Tilorone/administration & dosage
• Tilorone/*pharmacology
• *Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Substances:

• 0 (Fluorenes)
• 0 (Interferon Inducers)
• 0 (Nucleic Acids)
• 27591-97-5 (Tilorone)
• 9008-11-1 (Interferons)

Potentiation of langat virus infection by lead intoxication--influence on host defenses.

Thind IS,  Singh NP.

[Article in English]

Pathogenesis was studied in mice with moderate levels of lead intoxication after Langat virus infection. Both lead chloride and lead nitrate increased mortality by 40--50%. This increase was associated with decreased in vivo interferon and neutralizing antibody synthesis. The increased mortality was associated with enhancement of viral growth in peripheral tissues as evidenced by early appearing and long-lasting high titer viremia following lead intoxication. This resulted in early penetration of blood brain barrier and led to much higher virus titers in the brain. The data strongly suggest that lead increased mortality following infection by complex means, the most important being the enhacement of encephalitogenic potential of Langat virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
• Arbovirus Infections/complications
• Arbovirus Infections/immunology
• Arbovirus Infections/*mortality
• Blood/microbiology
• Brain/microbiology
• Disease Models, Animal
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Interferons/blood
• Lead Poisoning/*complications
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred ICR
• Neutralization Tests

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 9008-11-1 (Interferons)

Characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus and immunogenicity of its surface components in mice.

Heinz F,  Kunz C.

[Article in English]

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus grown in chick embryo cells and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation was shown to have a density of 1.195 g/cm3 in sucrose density gradients. Under the conditions used, CsCl centrifugation caused disruption of the virus and less than 5% of input infectivity could be recovered from the virus peak at 1.23 g/cm3. As in other fiaviviruses, three polypeptides (V1, V2, V3) were detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in radioactively labelled purified TBE virus. After disruption of TBE virus with Nonidet P-40, Tween-80/Tri-(n-butyl)-phosphate or sodium deoxycholate, a 120--130 S nucleoprotein could be separated by rate zonal centrifugation from more slowly sedimenting haemagglutinins. Immunization of mice with these haemagglutinins showed that they induced haemagglutination inhibiting, neutralizing and complement fixing antibodies. A pronounced increase in immunogenicity could be observed by the use of Al(OH3) as an adjuvant.

MeSH Terms:

• Adjuvants, Immunologic
• Aluminum Hydroxide/pharmacology
• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis
• Chick Embryo
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/analysis
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• *Hemagglutinins, Viral
• Mice
• Peptides/analysis
• Tissue Culture
• Viral Proteins/analysis

Substances:

• 0 (Adjuvants, Immunologic)
• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Hemagglutinins, Viral)
• 0 (Peptides)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)
• 21645-51-2 (Aluminum Hydroxide)

Concentration and purification of tick-borne encephalitis virus grown in suspensions of chick embryo cells.

Heinz F,  Kunz C.

[Article in English]

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus grown in suspensions of chick embryo cells was precipitated by various concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000. Quantitative recovery was obtained at PEG concentrations of 5% and higher. As precipitation of contaminating non-viral protein increases with increasing PEG concentrations, best results with respect to purity and recovery were obtained at 5% PEG 6000. Analysis of virus concentrates by rate zonal centrifugation revealed two peaks--rapidly sedimenting haemagglutinin (RHA) associated with infectivity and slowly sedimenting haemagglutinin (SHA)--characteristic of Flaviviruses. Purification factors after PEG precipitation followed by rate zonal centrifugation in sucrose density gradients ranged from 50 to 200 for HA activity and from 40 to 50 for infectivity.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Chick Embryo
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/growth & development
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Hemagglutinins, Viral/analysis
• Polyethylene Glycols
• Precipitation

Substances:

• 0 (Hemagglutinins, Viral)
• 0 (Polyethylene Glycols)

[Division of tick-borne encephalitis virus distribution area into regions. 1. Approaches and principles]

Korenberg EI.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Asia
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Epidemiologic Methods
• Europe
• Human
• Insect Vectors
• Ticks/microbiology
• USSR

[Persistent infection of pig embryo kidney cell cultures caused by a variant of tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Gavrilov VI,  Cherednichenko IN,  Deriabin PG,  Zhdanov VM.

[Article in Russian]

The results of modelling and study of persistent infection of pig embryo kidney cell cultures (PEK) with MF variant of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus are presented. In the life of chronically infected cultures periods of formation and stabilization were observed which were characterized by different types of relationships between the persisting virus and the cells. By the characters under study the persisting virus did not differ significantly from the initial MF variant. Inoculation of PEK and BHK-21 cell monolayers with samples of DNA from chronically infected cultures permitted to isolate transfected agents. Their identification by the neutralization tests and the indirect immunofluorescence procedure confirmed that they belonged to TBE virus. It is suggested that the mechanism of TBE virus persistence in PEK-MF system is based on the integration of TBE virus genome with DNA of chronically infected PEK cells.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cell Line
• Chemistry
• Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
• DNA, Viral/genetics
• Deoxyribonucleases
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Kidney/embryology
• Pronase
• Ribonucleases
• Swine
• Time Factors
• Transfection
• Virus Replication

Substances:

• 0 (DNA, Viral)
• EC 3.1.- (Deoxyribonucleases)
• EC 3.1.- (Ribonucleases)
• EC 3.4.24.- (Pronase)

[Study of the antiviral activity of a poly I : poly-C complex with poly-L-lysine in monkeys]

Burgasova MP.

[Article in Russian]

Antiviral activity of poly-I-poly-C complex with poly-L-lysine was studied on macaco rhesus. The complex bifilamentous polyribonucleotide induced active production of serum interferon and provided pronounced protection of the monkeys infected intracutaneously with the variolovaccine virus (10 LD50 for the monkeys in intracutaneous infection). The effectiveness of the protective effect depended on the scheme and route of the drug administration. The highest prophylactic and therapeutic effect was provided by local administration of the complex in a dose of I mg per I kg of the body weight, the incubation period being increased 2--3 times and the period of the skin affections being decreased approximately 2 times. The results of the studies on the effect of poly-I-poly-C complex with poly-L-lysine were evident of definite prophylactic activity of the drug against experimental vernal encephalitis in the monkeys. The animals not treated with the inductor died on the 16th or 17th day after infection because of the paralysis of the trunc and extremities muscles. The clinical evidences of the disease in the animals treated with the drug were not uniform: from complete health to death.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• *Antiviral Agents
• Drug Combinations
• Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/drug therapy
• Haplorhini
• *Interferon Inducers
• Macaca
• Peptides/*therapeutic use
• Poly I-C/*therapeutic use
• Polylysine/*therapeutic use
• Time Factors
• Vaccinia/drug therapy

Substances:

• 0 (Antiviral Agents)
• 0 (Drug Combinations)
• 0 (Interferon Inducers)
• 0 (Peptides)
• 24939-03-5 (Poly I-C)
• 25104-18-1 (Polylysine)

[Geographical and annual variability in the infection rate of ixoid ticks with tick-borne encephalitis virus].

Naumov RL,  Gutova VP.

[Article in Russian]

Publication Types:

• Journal Article
• Review

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Climate
• Ecology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Insect Vectors/*microbiology
• Mice
• Russia
• Seasons
• Siberia
• Ticks/*microbiology
• Virulence

[Inapparent forms of tick-borne encephalitis]

Shapoval AN.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Culicidae/microbiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
• *Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• *Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/etiology
• Human
• Insect Vectors
• Ticks/microbiology
• USSR
• Virulence

[Polyneuropathies as a diagnostic and therapeutic task]

Daun H.

[Article in German]

Despite their variety the syndromes of peripheral neuropathy are variations of just one subject. The most different lesions might be their cause. Therefore, one should not be satisfied with the diagnosis peripheral neuropathy, but should always try to clarify the etiology. Form and extension of the disturbances give essential hints. As far as possible, therapy should be directed against the respective causes. For several types of neuropathy prevention is possible. Symptomatic treatment is also important and in many cases even essential for survival.

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Alcoholic Intoxication/complications
• Botulism/complications
• Child
• Diabetic Neuropathies/diagnosis
• Diagnosis, Differential
• Diphtheria/complications
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Facial Paralysis/diagnosis
• Human
• Isoniazid/adverse effects
• Lead Poisoning/complications
• Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/diagnosis
• Movement Disorders/diagnosis
• Movement Disorders/therapy
• Nervous System Diseases/chemically induced
• Nervous System Diseases/*diagnosis
• Nervous System Diseases/etiology
• Nitrofurantoin/adverse effects
• Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis
• Peripheral Nervous System Diseases/therapy
• Polyneuropathies/etiology
• Porphyria/complications
• Prognosis
• Thallium/poisoning
• Vincristine/adverse effects

Substances:

• 54-85-3 (Isoniazid)
• 57-22-7 (Vincristine)
• 67-20-9 (Nitrofurantoin)
• 7440-28-0 (Thallium)

Studies on the occurrence and distribution of HI antibodies against some arboviruses in the serum of domestic mammals in Puglia.

Bonaduce A,  Compagnucci M,  Bonaduce D,  Arpenti C,  Martone F.

[Article in English]

The virological and serological studies previously carried out on arboviruses in Italy are reviewed. The presence of antibodies to 11 arboviruses was investigated in the serum of various domestic animals (100 horses, 107 pigs, 102 sheep, 205 goats, 100 cattle and 200 dogs) from some areas of Puglia. The techniques are described. The results, given in tables and discussed in detail, support the hypothesis that in this region also there are arboviruses circulating, particularly those of group B.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Animals, Domestic/*immunology
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Arboviruses/*immunology
• Bunyamwera Group Viruses/immunology
• Cattle/immunology
• Comparative Study
• Dogs/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Goats/immunology
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Horses/immunology
• Italy
• Sindbis Virus/immunology
• West Nile Virus/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Tick-borne encephalitis]

Hallen O.

[Article in German]

MeSH Terms:

• *Encephalitis, Tick-Borne
• Human

[Biology of Ixodes ricinus L., 1758. 2. Epidemiological consequences]

Perez C,  Rodhain F.

[Article in French]

MeSH Terms:

• Africa
• Animal
• Asia
• Ecology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Europe
• Human
• Seasons
• *Ticks

Effects of tilorone hydrochloride on experimental flavivirus infections in mice.

Vargin VV,  Zschiesche W,  Semenov BF.

[Article in English]

The effect of tilorone hydrochloride on experimental infections of mice with West Nile, Langat and Dengue type 2 viruses were studied. The drug significantly reduced the mortality after intraperitoneal inoculation of West Nile virus, but failed to affect intracerebral infection with Langat or Dengue viruses. Tilorone partially reversed cyclophosphan-enhanced mortality after extraneural inoculation of West Nile and Langat viruses. The possible modes of action of tilorone, interferon-inducing ability and stimulation of humoral immunity, are discussed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
• Arbovirus Infections/*drug therapy
• Arbovirus Infections/immunology
• Comparative Study
• Cyclophosphamide/adverse effects
• Dengue Virus/drug effects
• Disease Models, Animal
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/drug effects
• Female
• Fluorenes/*therapeutic use
• Mice
• Tilorone/pharmacology
• Tilorone/*therapeutic use
• West Nile Virus/drug effects

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Fluorenes)
• 27591-97-5 (Tilorone)
• 50-18-0 (Cyclophosphamide)

[Experimental immunization against tick-borne encephalitis by live attenuated virus: clinical study].

Orolin D,  Pogady J,  Mayer V,  Buran I,  Starek M.

[Article in Slovak]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Female
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age
• Vaccines, Attenuated/*administration & dosage
• Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Vaccines, Attenuated)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Late sequelae of tick-borne encephalomeningitis and equine encephalomyelitis]

Migdalska-Kassurowa B.

[Article in Polish]

MeSH Terms:

• Acute Disease
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*complications
• Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*complications
• Human
• Mental Disorders/*etiology
• Time Factors

[Effect of persistence of several flaviviruses on the karyotype of transplantable PEK cells]

Mikhailova GR,  Gavrilov VI,  Deriabin PG,  Cherednichenko IN.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Cell Line
• *Chromosomes
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/genetics
• Time Factors

[Study of the virus isolated from the brains of Syrian hamsters with persistent infection induced by an attenuated strain of the virus of the tick-borne encephalitis complex]

Vorob'eva MS,  Ladyzhenskaia IP,  Astakhova AV,  Zherenovskaia GA.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/*microbiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Hamsters
• Time Factors

[Integration of virus genome with the genome of brain cells during tick-borne encephalitis with a progressive course]

Zhdanov VM,  Terent'ev VF,  Fateeva AP,  Kitaeva LK,  Gaidamovich SI.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• *Brain Chemistry
• Case Report
• DNA, Viral/*analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*metabolism
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/metabolism
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Human
• Male
• Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Substances:

• 0 (DNA, Viral)

[Survival time of Dermacentor reticulatus (Fabr.) (Ixodidae) ticks infected per anum with tick-borne encephalitis virus].

Stelmaszyk ZJ.

[Article in Polish]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Dermacentor/*microbiology
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• Female
• Male
• Temperature
• Ticks/*microbiology
• Time Factors

[Extensivity of infection of some ticks (Ixodides) with the TE virus in laboratory conditions]

Wegner Z.

[Article in Polish]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• Ticks/*microbiology

["Ecological markers" of arboviruses. The DS-marker of the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Chunikhin SP,  Dzhivanian TI.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arboviruses/*ultrastructure
• Brain/microbiology
• Ecology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*ultrastructure
• Female
• *Genetics, Microbial
• Insect Vectors/microbiology
• Male
• Mice
• Ticks/microbiology
• Transformation, Genetic
• Variation (Genetics)

[Purification and concentration of tick-borne encephalitis viruses by means of adsorption chromatography]

Bresler SE,  Kolikov VM,  Krasil'nikov IV,  Mamonenko LL,  Molodkin VM.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Chromatography
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification

[Tick-borne encephalitis in the Olsztyn region]

Bobrowski H.

[Article in Polish]

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Aged
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Child
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Female
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Pathogenesis of progressive forms of tick-borne encephalitis]

Umanskii KG.

[Article in Russian]

An analysis of the pathogenesis of progressive forms of tick-borne encephalitis based on observations of 109 patients revealed the existence of similar amounts of progressive forms in different endemic foci, as well as a dependence of such forms on the syndrome of the acute period. It was possible to demonstrate a transformation of progressive syndromes in dynamics. The outcome of syndromes in a progressive development are phenocopies of the known hereditary diseases of the nervous system. The clinical forms of progressive development are determined mainly by hereditary factors. Their appearance is due to an immune defect which facilitates the development of a persisting infection. Hopeful results are provided by specific and nonspecific vaccinotherapy.

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Age Factors
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/complications
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*etiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/therapy
• Epilepsy/etiology
• Human
• Male
• Syndrome
• USSR
• Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use

Substances:

• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

Viremia and serum antibodies in Syrian hamster after inapparent infection with European tick-borne encephalitis virus.

Slonim D,  Zavadova A.

[Article in English]

1.) Adult Syrian hamsters (Cricetus auratus) are relatively insusceptible to the lethal affect of the ETBE virus after peripheral inoculation. After subcutaneous infection with 10(3) i. cer. mouse LD50 of the virus they manifest 25 per cent mortality. 2) In subcutaneously infected hamsters the virus is demonstrable in the CNS of only 20 per cent of the animals. CF- and VN-antibodies can be found in the blood from the 10th day; CF--antibodies culminate on the 20th-30th day receding relatively quickly, whereas VN-antibodies peak after the 28th day, dropping only partly and persisting. 3) The dynamics of CF- and VN-antibodies and a high number of clinically inapparent hamster infections resemble the situation in humans infected with ETBE under natural conditions.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Complement Fixation Tests
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Hamsters
• Mesocricetus
• Neutralization Tests

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Differences between Western tick-borne encephalitis and Scotch encephalomyelitis of sheep].

Protas II,  Bortkevich VS.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Animal
• Diagnosis, Differential
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/veterinary
• Encephalomyelitis/*diagnosis
• Encephalomyelitis/veterinary
• Female
• Human
• Sheep
• Sheep Diseases/*diagnosis

Viremia and serum antibodies in Macacus rhesus monkey after inapparent infection with European tick-borne encephalitis virus.

Slonim D,  Zavadova H.

[Article in English]

1. Inapparent infection was called forth in M. rhesus monkeys by means of subcutaneous inoculation of ETBE virus. 2. Viremia was found in 18 (86 per cent) of 21 monkeys. In all the 18 monkeys, specific virus-neutralizing antibodies were found; in 17 of them complement-fixing antibodies developed in addition. 3. Neutralizing antibodies (N greater than or equal to 1.7 log10) were first recorded on 10th day with a peak on 32nd day, retaining, after a small decrease, a relatively high level in all reacting animals. 4. Complement-fixing antibodies were first found on 18th day, showing a peak on 22nd day whereafter they dropped considerably or even disappeared so that on 150th day they were present in a low titre in only 35 per cent of the originally reacting monkeys. 5. The findings were compared with the situation in naturally infected humans and in hamsters infected inapparently (experimentally) with ETBE virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/veterinary
• Haplorhini
• Macaca/*immunology
• Monkey Diseases/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Pathogenetic mechanisms of tick-borne encephalitis]

Panov AG,  Il'enko VI,  Komandenko NI.

[Article in Russian]

The main cause of progressive forms of tickborne encephalitis is a prolonged persistence of certain viral strains in the brain. Although there are no virals with a selective capability to lead only to an acute or chronic encephalitis, nevertheless in the epidemiological process there is a selection of virals capable of bringing on chronic forms of the disease. In cases of an incapacity of immunological factors bor a defence during the initial phase of the infectious process there may be prerequisites to a fixation of the virals in the brain and a chronic development of the neuroinfections. It is necessary to differentiate active neuroinfectious processes due to persistent virals and postencephalitic reparative-dystrophical syndromes. This permits to avoid a hyperdiagnosis and more reasonably select therapeutical measures in the evaluation of their effectivity.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/*microbiology
• Brain/pathology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*etiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Gliosis/microbiology
• Haplorhini

Arboviruses in birds captured in Slovakia.

Ernek E,  Kozuch O,  Nosek J,  Teplan J,  Folk C.

[Article in English]

Virus neutralizing (VN) antibodies against Sindbis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), West Nile (WN), Tahyna and Calovo viruses were found in birds captured in Slovakia. In parallel, Sindbis, TBE and WN viruses were isolated from the blood, brain and liver of migrating birds.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral
• Arboviruses/*isolation & purification
• Birds/*microbiology
• Bunyamwera Group Viruses/immunology
• California Group Viruses/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Sindbis Virus/immunology
• West Nile Virus/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

Reactions of Egyptian human and rodent sera to Langat virus antigens.

Darwish MA,  Imam IZ,  Amer T.

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• *Antigens, Viral
• Arboviruses/*immunology
• Egypt
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Hemagglutination Tests
• Human
• Male
• Mice
• Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• West Nile Virus/*immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

Experimental milk-borne transmission of Powassan virus in the goat.

Woodall JP,  Roz A.

[Article in English]

A lactating goat with a 74-day-old kid was inoculated with 10(3) mouse 50% lethal dose (LD50) of Powassan virus. No ensuing viremia could be detected, but virus was secreted in the milk on postinoculation days 7 through 15, with a titer of 10(5) LD50/ml on day 12. Neutralizing antibody was found in the serum on days 22 through 36 and in the milk on day 36. The offspring was not inoculated but was allowed to continue feeding on its mother's milk. It developed neutralizing antibody by day 22. Since the kid was past the age when it could resorb antibody from the milk, its serum antibody was evidence of active infection. Neither animal showed any clinical sign of illness. A serum survey of 499 goats in New York State showed that 9 had neutralizing antibodies to Powassan virus. These immune goats came from widely scattered localities, including counties where human cases have been confirmed. The findings suggest the possibility of milk-borne transmission of Powassan virus from goat to man.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Female
• Goats
• *Lactation
• Pregnancy

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Early-summer meningoencephalitis (ESME) in Austria and its prevention]

Kunz O.

[Article in German]

MeSH Terms:

• Austria
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Gamma-Globulins/administration & dosage
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Immunoglobulins/analysis
• Insect Vectors
• Seasons
• Time Factors