Experimental double infection with Coxiella burnetii and tick-borne encephalitis virus in Dermacentor reticulatus ticks.

Rehacek J,  Kovacova E,  Ciampor F,  Gresikova M,  Tarasevich IV.

[Article in English]

Experimental parenteral inoculation of Dermacentor reticulatus ticks with the rickettsia Coxiella burnetii (C.b.) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus resulted in a generalized rickettsial and viral infection, irrespective of whether the agents were given simultaneously or by a 7 days interval apart. Both agents multiplied intensively in ticks, C.b. being detectable predominantly in cytoplasmic vacuoles and TBE virus mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Coxiella/*physiology
• Coxiella/ultrastructure
• Dermacentor/*microbiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*physiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/ultrastructure
• Female
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Hemolymph/microbiology
• Microscopy, Electron
• Ticks/*microbiology

Persistence of encephalitogenic arboviruses in brain cell culture. Brief report.

Amor S,  Webb HE.

[Article in English]

Department of Neurovirology, Rayne Institute, United Medical School of Guys, London, United Kingdom.

Virus recovery from brain cultures of mice infected with either Semliki Forest and/or Langat depended on the time interval between inoculation of either virus. Mixed infections may alter the course of a disease.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/*embryology
• Brain/pathology
• Brain Diseases/*microbiology
• Cells, Cultured
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*growth & development
• Flavivirus/*growth & development
• Kinetics
• Mice
• Semliki Forest Virus/*growth & development
• Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
• Togaviridae Infections/pathology

Haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies against arboviruses of the families Togaviridae and Bunyaviridae in birds caught in southern Moravia, Czechoslovakia.

Juricova Z,  Hubalek Z,  Halouzka J,  Pellantova J,  Chytil J.

[Article in English]

Institute of Vertebrate Zoology, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Brno.

A total of 295 birds belonging to 19 species of 7 families of wild Passeriformes were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition test. The birds were caught for an international research program "Balt" at the time of autumn migration (August-September 1984). Their blood sera were examined for antibodies against 6 arbovirus antigens of the genera Alphavirus (Sindbis-SIN) and Flavivirus (tick-borne encephalitis-TBE, West Nile-WN) and family Bunyaviridae (Tahyna-TAH, Calovo-CVO and Bhanja-BHA). Antibodies against all studied viruses were detected at different frequencies: SIN 6.4%, TBE 7.1%, WN 9.7%, TAH 16.3%, CVO 12.1%, and BHA 1.0%.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Arboviruses/*immunology
• Bird Diseases/*epidemiology
• Birds
• Bunyaviridae/immunology
• Bunyaviridae Infections/epidemiology
• Bunyaviridae Infections/*veterinary
• Czechoslovakia
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Togaviridae/immunology
• Togaviridae Infections/epidemiology
• Togaviridae Infections/*veterinary

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[The hemagglutination inhibition reaction in tick-borne encephalitis using trypsinized erythrocytes of the human O-group].
[The hemagglutination inhibition reaction in tick-borne encephalitis using trypsinized erythrocytes of the human O-group]

Rumiantseva NP.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• *ABO Blood-Group System
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Erythrocytes/*drug effects
• Erythrocytes/immunology
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests/*methods
• Human
• Trypsin/*pharmacology

Substances:

• 0 (ABO Blood-Group System)
• EC 3.4.21.4 (Trypsin)

[Determination of the isotypic class of antibodies for diagnostic purposes in tick-borne encephalitis].
[Determination of the isotypic class of antibodies for diagnostic purposes in tick-borne encephalitis]

Minaeva VM,  Iaroshenko LK,  Babich GP,  Khamidullina GG.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/*classification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Human

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Study of immunological mechanisms of action of temperature and emotional stress factors in experimental flavivirus infections].
[Study of immunological mechanisms of action of temperature and emotional stress factors in experimental flavivirus infections]

Ozherelkov SV,  Khozinskii VV,  Semenov BF.

[Article in Russian]

The influence of two stress factors, sharp changes in temperature and hypokinesia, on the course of experimental tick-borne encephalitis and Langat virus infections in mice has been studied. The data obtained in this study indicate that both factors produce defects in T- and B-cell-mediated immunity, accompanied by the activation of asymptomatic infection and the decrease of the mean survival time in acute infection. These two stress factors, differing in their intensity and nature (physical and emotional), have been shown to produce the same effect on the course of acute and asymptomatic flavivirus infections. In the former case the mean survival time of the animals decreases, and in the latter case clinically manifest infection develops. Under the conditions of hypokinesia (or changes in temperature), the death rate among the animals infected with langat virus has been found to increase 3- to 4-fold in comparison with the controls, the mortality level in the groups subjected to different stress factors being the same.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibody-Producing Cells/immunology
• B-Lymphocytes/immunology
• Flavivirus
• Graft vs Host Reaction
• Immunity, Cellular
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Mice, Inbred CBA
• Stress, Psychological/complications
• Stress, Psychological/*immunology
• T-Lymphocytes/immunology
• *Temperature
• Togaviridae Infections/complications
• Togaviridae Infections/*immunology

Tick-borne fever in dairy herd.

Cranwell MP,  Gibbons JA.

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cattle
• Cattle Diseases/*microbiology
• Cattle Diseases/physiopathology
• Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/physiopathology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*veterinary
• Female
• Lactation Disorders/microbiology
• Lactation Disorders/veterinary
• Pregnancy
• Wales

[RAMT cell line as a substrate for the propagation of vaccinal viral strains].
[RAMT cell line as a substrate for the propagation of vaccinal viral strains]

Grachev VP,  Zaval'nyi MA,  Popova VD,  Khanina MK,  Baranova GP.

[Article in Russian]

Properties of the PAMT cell line which are deficient in hypoxanthine guanyl phosphoribosiltransferase were studied. The PAMT cell line derived from African green monkey kidney tissue may be identified by selective nutrient media, contains no contaminants, is not tumorigenic, is susceptible to a wide range of viruses. Titres of poliomyelitis, tick-borne encephalitis, and carnivore plague viruses were similar in cell cultures grown in the medium with 10% serum and in those adapted to growth in the medium containing 1% serum. The properties of PAMT cell line allow it to be used in manufacture of killed virus vaccines.

MeSH Terms:

• 6-Mercaptopurine/antagonists & inhibitors
• Animal
• Azaguanine/antagonists & inhibitors
• Cell Line
• Comparative Study
• Culture Media/pharmacology
• Drug Resistance
• Human
• Thioguanine/antagonists & inhibitors
• Time Factors
• *Viral Vaccines
• Virus Cultivation/*methods
• Viruses/growth & development

Substances:

• 0 (Culture Media)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)
• 134-58-7 (Azaguanine)
• 154-42-7 (Thioguanine)
• 50-44-2 (6-Mercaptopurine)

[Effect of the size of the continuous poly(G) site in poly (G, A).poly (C) complexes on their interferon-inducing activity and their capacity to stimulate the development of immunity].
[Effect of the size of the continuous poly(G) site in poly (G, A).poly (C) complexes on their interferon-inducing activity and their capacity to stimulate the development of immunity]

Vil'ner LM.

[Article in Russian]

It was established that the level of interferon-inducing activity of poly(G90A1).poly(C) complex in cell cultures and in mice was comparable to that of poly(G).poly(C). As the size of the continuous sites of poly(G) in the purine strand in poly(G, A).poly(C) complexes decreased to 60 and 28 nucleotides, the interferon-inducing activity decreased progressively, was still marked, or approached the zero at G:A ratios equal to 17:1 or 10:1, respectively. All this indicates that the cell receptors responsible for switching on of the induction mechanisms for interferon synthesis still recognize the stimulus 17 and possibly less so stimulus 10 of successively located guanosine nucleotides complementary to poly(C) and provide for the highest interferon production level when their number is equal to or exceeds 90-100. With the exception of poly(G10A1).poly(C) in which the interferon-inducing activity did not exceed its detection threshold, all complexes enhanced noticeably or markedly specific immune response in mice to tick-borne encephalitis after immunization with inactivated unadsorbed tissue culture vaccine against this infection. The level of this immunostimulating activity correlated irregularly with the intensity of their interferon-inducing activity.

MeSH Terms:

• Adjuvants, Immunologic/*pharmacology
• Animal
• Cells, Cultured
• Chick Embryo
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
• Immunization
• Interferon Inducers/*pharmacology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Poly C/pharmacology
• Poly G/*pharmacology
• Polyribonucleotides/*pharmacology
• Structure-Activity Relationship
• Viral Vaccines/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Adjuvants, Immunologic)
• 0 (Interferon Inducers)
• 0 (Polyribonucleotides)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)
• 25191-14-4 (Poly G)
• 25280-45-9 (poly G-poly C)
• 30811-80-4 (Poly C)
• 81251-17-4 (poly(G,A).poly(C))

[Mathematical analysis of the relation between the pathogenicity of natural populations of tick-borne encephalitis virus and biotic and abiotic factors].
[Mathematical analysis of the relation between the pathogenicity of natural populations of tick-borne encephalitis virus and biotic and abiotic factors]

Vereta LA,  Volkov VI.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Ecology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Mice
• Models, Biological
• Siberia
• Variation (Genetics)

[Variability of tick-borne encephalitis virus during passage through Ixodes ticks and small mammals].
[Variability of tick-borne encephalitis virus during passage through Ixodes ticks and small mammals]

Chunikhin SP,  Reshetnikov IN,  Liapustin VN.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*physiology
• Microtinae/microbiology
• Muridae/microbiology
• Ticks/microbiology

Application of enzyme immunoassay on infected cells (EIA-IC) for arboviruses.

Xiao ZS,  Jia LL,  Qu XS,  Zhang YH.

[Article in English]

Comparative titrations of alpha-, flavi- and Bunyamwera viruses were made by EIA-IC and according to cytopathic effect (CPE). Specific enzymatic reactions appeared earlier and in higher titres than CPE. The titres of dengue type 1, Mayaro, Powassan and Langat viruses measured by EIA-IC were comparable to those measured by intracerebral inoculation of mice. The cross-reactivity testing of EIA-IC among alphaviruses (Chikungunya, Sindbis and Mayaro), flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis, Murray valley encephalitis, Kunjin, West Nile, yellow fever and louping ill, Powassan, Langat) and Bunyamwera arboviruses using polyclonal immune ascitic fluids confirmed the high specificity of EIA-IC. Homologous reactions mostly showed higher titres than heterologous ones. No cross-reactivity was seen between alpha-, flavi- and bunyaviruses, among the three alphaviruses, between mosquito-borne and tick-borne flaviviruses, or between JE complex and YF viruses. However, a cross-reactivity to different extent was observed among the four JE complex viruses and among louping ill, Powassan and Langat viruses. The results of EIA-IC cross tests showed that this method can distinguish togavirus group- or species-specific antigens, more precisely than conventional ELISA.

MeSH Terms:

• Alphavirus/immunology
• Alphavirus/*isolation & purification
• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Antigens, Viral/immunology
• Arboviruses/immunology
• Arboviruses/*isolation & purification
• Bunyamwera Group Viruses/immunology
• Bunyamwera Group Viruses/isolation & purification
• Bunyaviridae/immunology
• Bunyaviridae/*isolation & purification
• Cell Line
• Comparative Study
• Cross Reactions
• Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
• Flavivirus/immunology
• Flavivirus/*isolation & purification
• Immunoenzyme Techniques
• Species Specificity

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Detection of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in human blood and in individual ticks by molecular nucleic acid hybridization].
[Detection of the tick-borne encephalitis virus in human blood and in individual ticks by molecular nucleic acid hybridization]

Dobrikova EI,  Pletnev AG,  Shamanin VA.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• DNA, Viral/analysis
• DNA, Viral/*genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Genes, Viral
• Human
• *Nucleic Acid Hybridization/drug effects
• Plasmids
• RNA/blood
• RNA/*genetics
• RNA, Viral/analysis
• RNA, Viral/*genetics
• Ticks/*microbiology

Substances:

• 0 (DNA, Viral)
• 0 (Plasmids)
• 0 (RNA, Viral)
• 63231-63-0 (RNA)

Impaired primary, but not secondary, immune response in breast cancer patients under adjuvant chemotherapy.

Zielinski CC,  Stuller I,  Dorner F,  Potzi P,  Muller C,  Eibl MM.

[Article in English]

The antibody response after vaccination against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) was studied in patients with breast cancer. Although sex- and age-matched control persons produced high titers of anti-TBE antibodies 2 to 4 weeks after the second of two consecutive vaccinations, patients with breast cancer who were first vaccinated after the start of adjuvant chemotherapy consisting of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) failed to do so. The lack of anti-TBE antibody production was found not only in patients under CMF chemotherapy, but also in those primarily vaccinated 6 to 12 months after the termination of CMF treatment. Patients with breast cancer who had been vaccinated either before or after the onset of disease, but before the initiation of chemotherapy, were shown to have developed significant anti-TBE antibody titers which persisted throughout the course of adjuvant treatment and could be boostered by revaccination during the course of CMF administration. The authors conclude that patients with breast cancer undergoing adjuvant chemotherapy experience a serious and prolonged defect in primary antibody production, whereas secondary immune responses remain unimpaired.

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
• Antibody Formation/*drug effects
• Antineoplastic Agents, Combined/*pharmacology
• Breast Neoplasms/*immunology
• Breast Neoplasms/therapy
• Combined Modality Therapy
• Cyclophosphamide/administration & dosage
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Female
• Fluorouracil/administration & dosage
• Human
• Immunologic Memory
• Methotrexate/administration & dosage
• Middle Age
• Vaccination
• Viral Vaccines/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antineoplastic Agents, Combined)
• 0 (CMF regimen)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)
• 50-18-0 (Cyclophosphamide)
• 51-21-8 (Fluorouracil)
• 59-05-2 (Methotrexate)

[Clinical observations in tick-borne meningoencephalitis].
[Clinical observations in tick-borne meningoencephalitis]

Stantic-Pavlinic M,  Grcar-Tratnik M.

[Article in Serbo-Croatian (Roman)]

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• Female
• Human
• Male
• Meningoencephalitis/*diagnosis
• Meningoencephalitis/etiology

[Functional information model of the normal immune status and in pathology].
[Functional information model of the normal immune status and in pathology]

Lepekhin AV,  Pashneva GE,  Ratner GM,  Buzhak NS,  Portniagina LK.

[Article in Russian]

The informative logical analysis has been used as the basis for the construction of the functional models of the immune status in the form of logical formulae. In these models the character of interrelations between immunocompetent cells in health and disease is reflected. Such models make it possible to substantiate the necessity, as well as the differentiated methods, of the correction of disturbances in the immune status, depending on the nature of the pathological case.

MeSH Terms:

• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Human
• Immune System/*immunology
• Immunity, Cellular
• Immunologic Diseases/*immunology
• Logic
• *Models, Biological
• Opisthorchiasis/immunology
• Probability
• Typhoid Fever/immunology

[Synthesis and membrane-dependent processing of a precursor of tick-borne encephalitis virus (flavivirus) structural proteins in cell-free systems].
[Synthesis and membrane-dependent processing of a precursor of tick-borne encephalitis virus (flavivirus) structural proteins in cell-free systems]

Svitkin IV,  Liapustin VN,  Lashkevich VA,  Agol VI.

[Article in Russian]

Conditions that permitted cell-free synthesis of at least one of the non-structural, in addition to two-structural, polypeptides of tick-borne encephalitis virus have been found. The time course of accumulation of virus-specific polypeptides in extracts of Krebs-2 cells and reticulocyte lysates as well as the peptide maps of the products synthesised were studied. A model of generation of viral structural polypeptides has been proposed, according to which a common precursor of these proteins while in a nascent form, is processed in a membrane-dependent reaction into a C-terminal segment, corresponding to the polypeptide moiety of envelope glycoprotein E, and an N-terminal segment, doublet p36/33. Subsequently, an N-terminal segment, corresponding to the core polypeptide C, is cleaved off from p36/33. The remaining C-terminal segment of p36/33 is possibly a precursor of the membrane polypeptide M. The translational strategy of flaviviruses is compared to that of other positive-stranded RNA viruses.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cell Line
• Cell-Free System
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/metabolism
• Kinetics
• Peptides/biosynthesis
• RNA, Viral/*genetics
• Rabbits
• Reticulocytes/metabolism
• Reticulocytes/microbiology
• *Translation, Genetic
• Viral Proteins/*biosynthesis
• Viral Proteins/genetics
• Viral Structural Proteins

Substances:

• 0 (Peptides)
• 0 (RNA, Viral)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)
• 0 (Viral Structural Proteins)

[Antiviral and immunostimulating effect of maleic anhydride copolymers in experimental neuroviral infections].
[Antiviral and immunostimulating effect of maleic anhydride copolymers in experimental neuroviral infections]

Davydova AA,  Stotskaia LL,  Berezina LK,  Osipova LV,  Barinskii IF.

[Article in Russian]

The virus-inhibiting and immunostimulating activity of Soviet preparations, maleic anhydride copolymers, was demonstrated in alpha-, flavi-, and bunyavirus infections. Positive results were obtained in subcutaneous and intraperitoneal inoculations of the preparations used in prophylactic and therapeutic-prophylactic schedules. Stimulation of vaccination immunity was observed after combined use of copolymers and the vaccine against Eastern equine encephalomyelitis.

MeSH Terms:

• Adjuvants, Immunologic/*therapeutic use
• Animal
• Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use
• Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
• Drug Therapy, Combination
• Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*drug therapy
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Encephalomyelitis, Equine/*drug therapy
• Encephalomyelitis, Equine/immunology
• Encephalomyelitis, Equine/prevention & control
• Furans/*therapeutic use
• Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo/immunology
• Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/*drug therapy
• Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/immunology
• Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean/prevention & control
• Immunity/drug effects
• Maleic Anhydrides/*therapeutic use
• Mice
• Polymers/*therapeutic use
• Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use

Substances:

• 0 (Adjuvants, Immunologic)
• 0 (Antiviral Agents)
• 0 (Furans)
• 0 (Maleic Anhydrides)
• 0 (Polymers)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Course of an experimental infection caused by the Langat virus in mice against a background of restricted movement-related stress].
[Course of an experimental infection caused by the Langat virus in mice against a background of restricted movement-related stress]

Ozherelkov SV,  Khozinskii VV,  Semenov BF.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Animals, Suckling
• Antibody Formation
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• Immunity, Cellular
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Mice, Inbred CBA
• Restraint, Physical
• Stress, Psychological/*immunology
• Togaviridae Infections/*immunology

[Stimulation of arbovirus reproduction in cell cultures by hormones].
[Stimulation of arbovirus reproduction in cell cultures by hormones]

Kokorev VS,  Kolotvinova EG.

[Article in Russian]

The possibility of stimulation of reproduction and antigen production of arboviruses (tick-borne encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, western equine encephalomyelitis) in cell cultures (SPEV, chick embryo fibroblasts) by using various hormones (insulin, ACTH, hydrocortisone) and optimal temperatures was demonstrated. The stimulating effect depended upon the type of cell culture, virus, method of cell treatment, and manifested by a significant increase of the hemagglutinating and infectious activity of the replicating viruses. Differences in the structure of populations, biophysical and antigenic properties of the viruses associated with the conditions of their reproduction in vitro were observed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/analysis
• Arboviruses/*drug effects
• Arboviruses/immunology
• Arboviruses/physiology
• Chick Embryo
• Comparative Study
• Corticotropin/pharmacology
• Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/drug effects
• Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
• Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/physiology
• Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/drug effects
• Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/immunology
• Encephalitis Virus, Western Equine/physiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/drug effects
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/physiology
• Hormones/*pharmacology
• Hydrocortisone/pharmacology
• Insulin/pharmacology
• Stimulation, Chemical
• Virus Cultivation
• Virus Replication/*drug effects

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Hormones)
• 11061-68-0 (Insulin)
• 50-23-7 (Hydrocortisone)
• 9002-60-2 (Corticotropin)

Modulation of Bhanja virus infection in mice.

Hubalek Z.

[Article in English]

Randombred (ICR) and inbred (C57B1/6) 4-wk-old SPF male mice were infected extraneurally with Bhanja virus (Bunyaviridae) and subjected to various treatments. Immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide (CPA) affected the course of the infection when a higher dose (10(6) suckling mouse intracerebral LD50) of the virus and 2 or 3 injections of CPA (150 mg/kg each) were given: then a part of the animals died due to viral encephalitis, whereas all the CPA-untreated infected mice survived. A dual peripheral infection with Bhanja and Lipovnik (Reoviridae) viruses did not cause any symptomatic response, and the host's humoral antibody was slightly stimulated. When Bhanja virus was given prior to, or simultaneously with, tick-borne encephalitis virus (Flaviviridae), a moderate decrease of the mortality (due to tick-borne encephalitis) occurred. A mixed peripheral infection of mouse with Bhanja virus and Cryptococcus neoformans, did not result in a fatal virus encephalitis of the host, nor was cryptococcosis affected substantially. However, formalin-killed cells of the fungus ("cryptococcin") administered before the extraneural inoculation of Bhanja virus caused an 8-fold increase of antibodies neutralizing the virus; a mild therapeutic or protective effect of cryptococcin on encephalitis after an intracerebral application of Bhanja virus was also observed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Bunyaviridae/immunology
• Bunyaviridae Infections/complications
• Bunyaviridae Infections/*immunology
• Cryptococcosis/complications
• Cryptococcosis/immunology
• Cyclophosphamide
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/complications
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Immunosuppression
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Reoviridae Infections/complications
• Reoviridae Infections/immunology

Substances:

• 50-18-0 (Cyclophosphamide)

[Nucleotide sequence of the genome region of the tick-borne encephalitis virus coding for structural virion proteins]

Pletnev AG,  Iamshchikov VF,  Blinov VM.

[Article in Russian]

RNA of a flavivirus-tick-borne encephalitis virus (strain Sofjin) was subjected to reverse transcription and the DNA copy was transformed into double-stranded DNA by action of E. coli DNA-polymerase I (Klenow's fragment). This DNA was annealed with pBR322 plasmid. The recombinant plasmids were cloned in E. coli K802. The nucleotide sequence of the inserts of the clones coding for region of structural proteins C, pre-M, E and nonstructural protein ns1 was determined by the Maxam-Gilbert method. The nucleotide sequence of these regions is translatable into an amino acid sequence of proteins without interruption. The amino acid sequences of proteins and nucleotide sequence of genome of the tick-borne encephalitis virus are extensively homologous to that found for the flaviviruses Yellow Fever and West Nile.

MeSH Terms:

• Base Sequence
• DNA Restriction Enzymes
• DNA, Viral/*genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*genetics
• *Genes, Viral
• RNA, Viral/*genetics
• Viral Proteins/*genetics
• Viral Structural Proteins
• Virion/genetics

Substances:

• 0 (DNA, Viral)
• 0 (RNA, Viral)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)
• 0 (Viral Structural Proteins)
• EC 3.1.21 (DNA Restriction Enzymes)

Avalon virus, Sakhalin group (Nairovirus, Bunyaviridae) from the seabird tick Ixodes (Ceratixodes) uriae White 1852 in France.

Quillien MC,  Monnat JY,  Le Lay G,  Le Goff F,  Hardy E,  Chastel C.

[Article in English]

Nine strains of Avalon virus were isolated from Ixodes uriae ticks collected in the Cape Sizun seabird reserve, Brittany, from 1979 to 1985, during a longitudinal study of consequences of tick-borne infections for kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla). Avalon virus strains isolated in France proved difficult to study owing to the weak infectious titres they exhibited in suckling mice or cultured cells. However, some interesting data concerning the ecology of virus infection and the morphology of the virions were obtained and are discussed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Bird Diseases/microbiology
• Birds
• Brain/microbiology
• Brain/ultrastructure
• Bunyaviridae/*isolation & purification
• Bunyaviridae/physiology
• Bunyaviridae/ultrastructure
• Bunyaviridae Infections/microbiology
• Bunyaviridae Infections/pathology
• Bunyaviridae Infections/veterinary
• France
• Longitudinal Studies
• Meningoencephalitis/microbiology
• Meningoencephalitis/pathology
• Meningoencephalitis/veterinary
• Mice
• Microscopy, Electron
• Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
• Ticks/*microbiology
• Vero Cells

Peculiarities of tick-borne encephalitis virus reproduction in Haemaphysalis inermis ticks and their explants.

Nosek J,  Chunikhin SP,  Gresikova M,  Korolev MB,  Kozuch O,  Stefutkina LF,  Ivannikova TI.

[Article in English]

Virological, electron microscopic and immunomorphological investigation on the reproduction of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Haemaphysalis inermis ticks and in tissue explants from nymphs during their metamorphosis revealed that the virus reproduced in the cells of different tissues and organs of ticks which were in different phases and stages of life cycle. During the eclipse phase of TBE virus persistence in ticks, when no virus could be demonstrated by infectivity assay, viral particles were detected by electron microscopy.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors/growth & development
• Arachnid Vectors/*microbiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*growth & development
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/ultrastructure
• Female
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Male
• Microscopy, Electron
• Nymph/microbiology
• Ticks/growth & development
• Ticks/*microbiology

[Interferon-inducing and antiviral activity of maleic anhydride copolymers]

Nosik NN,  Ershov FI,  Kozlovskii MM,  Vinograd IA,  Krentsel' BA.

[Article in Russian]

Data on synthesis of new polymer compounds with potential interferon-inducing and antiviral activity are presented. Maleic anhydride (MA)-based alternating copolymers, in particular, copolymers of divinyl ether with MA containing five-member oxygen cycles in the chain, as well as furan copolymers with MA, were shown to be promising interferon inducers. The antiviral activity was found in copolymers based on allene hydrocarbons.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antiviral Agents/*pharmacology
• Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
• Comparative Study
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
• Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/drug therapy
• Furans/*pharmacology
• Interferon Inducers/*pharmacology
• Interferon Inducers/therapeutic use
• Interferons/blood
• L Cells (Cell Line)/drug effects
• Maleic Anhydrides/*pharmacology
• Maleic Anhydrides/therapeutic use
• Mice
• Polymers/*pharmacology
• Polymers/therapeutic use
• Structure-Activity Relationship
• Time Factors
• Vinyl Compounds/pharmacology

Substances:

• 0 (Antiviral Agents)
• 0 (Furans)
• 0 (Interferon Inducers)
• 0 (Maleic Anhydrides)
• 0 (Polymers)
• 0 (Vinyl Compounds)
• 109-93-3 (vinyl ether)
• 9008-11-1 (Interferons)

Response of sheep to experimental concurrent infection with tick-borne fever (Cytoecetes phagocytophila) and louping-ill virus.

Reid HW,  Buxton D,  Pow I,  Brodie TA,  Holmes PH,  Urquhart GM.

[Article in English]

The pathogenesis of concurrent Cytoecetes phagocytophila and louping-ill virus infection was studied in two experiments. In the first experiment 18 four- to seven-year-old rams were used. Ten were infected with C phagocytophila and five days later eight of these animals and the remaining eight sheep were infected with louping-ill virus. The two rams infected with C phagocytophila alone developed no clinical signs apart from a transient pyrexia, while only three of the eight rams infected with louping-ill virus alone showed mild clinical signs. In marked contrast, all eight dually infected sheep developed severe clinical signs with pronounced depression and dysentery and three died and five were killed in extremis. They developed higher titres of viraemia and the antibody response was depressed while necrotising lesions affecting a variety of organs were detected at post mortem examination. Rhizomucor pucillus was recovered from these lesions in seven of the eight sheep. A second experiment using 10 sheep, five aged seven months and five aged two to three years, confirmed the findings of the first experiment indicating that the age of the animal had not significantly influenced the initial result. It was concluded that C phagocytophila infection could enhance the pathogenicity of louping-ill virus and that, operating together, the two pathogens facilitated fungal invasion. It is postulated that sudden deaths in sheep recently transferred to tick-infested pastures may be due to this newly described syndrome.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/complications
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/pathology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*veterinary
• Louping Ill/complications
• Louping Ill/*microbiology
• Louping Ill/pathology
• Male
• Sheep/microbiology
• Sheep Diseases/*microbiology
• Sheep Diseases/pathology
• Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotype with neutralization antigen of tick-borne encephalitis virus.

Dragunova J,  Gresikova M.

[Article in English]

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), when grown in dual infection with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus, produced pseudotype VSV (TBE) with surface proteins provided by TBE virus. This phenomenon can be employed in a rapid, accurate and sensitive test for detection and assay of neutralizing antibodies specific for TBE virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Antigens, Surface
• *Antigens, Viral
• Cell Line
• Cells, Cultured
• Chick Embryo
• Complement Fixation Tests
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Hemagglutination Tests
• Neutralization Tests
• Phenotype
• Vesicular Stomatitis-Indiana Virus/genetics
• Vesicular Stomatitis-Indiana Virus/*immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Surface)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

Studies on the ecology of tick-borne encephalitis virus in the Carpathian and Pannonian types of natural foci.

Gresikova M,  Kozuch O,  Sekeyova M,  Nosek J.

[Article in English]

During the years 1972-1982, the role of Ixodes ricinus ticks was studied as vectors of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in the Carpathian and Pannonian types of natural foci. The proportion of TBE virus-infected Ixodes ricinus ticks in the Carpathian elementary foci varied from 0.37 to 4.1 per cent, while in the Pannonic elementary foci it ranged from 0.07 to 6 per cent, respectively. TBE virus was isolated from organs of small rodents in both the Carpathian and Pannonian types of natural foci. A correlation was established between the percentage of infected ticks and the proportion of seropositive inhabitants.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Arachnid Vectors/*microbiology
• Czechoslovakia
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Female
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Male
• Rodentia
• Ticks/*microbiology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

Changes of natural killer cell activity in different mouse lines by acute and asymptomatic flavivirus infections.

Vargin VV,  Semenov BF.

[Article in English]

Effect of certain flaviviruses on the activity of mouse natural killer (NK) cells was investigated using the classical mouse splenocyte system and YAC-1 cells for demonstration of NK cell cytotoxicity. Infection of mice with Langat and West Nile (WN) viruses was accompanied by temporary activation of NK cells. In mice infected with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus the stimulation phase of NK cell cytotoxicity on days 2-4 post-infection (p.i.) was followed by suppression of their activity. As to the surface markers (sensitivity to antitheta and antiimmunoglobulin serum, respectively), the flavivirus-activated NK cells did not differ from the endogenous NK cells of intact mice. The stimulatory effect of flaviviruses on cytotoxicity of NK cells varied in different mouse lines. An increased NK cell activity at early stages of TBE virus infection was observed in mouse lines characterized by low (C57B1/6) and medium (BALB/c)--but not by high (CBA)-activity of their non-stimulated NK cells. Suppression of NK cell activity at later stages of TBE virus infection was not associated with virus multiplication in mouse splenocytes.

MeSH Terms:

• Acute Disease
• Animal
• Cell Line
• Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Flavivirus/*immunology
• Killer Cells, Natural/*immunology
• Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Mice, Inbred CBA
• Togaviridae Infections/*immunology
• West Nile Virus/immunology

Effect of the multiplicity of infection on synthesis of the tick-borne encephalitis virus-specified proteins during a single reproduction cycle.

Lyapustin VN,  Gritsun TS,  Lashkevich VA.

[Article in English]

The rate of the synthesis of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus-specified proteins at high multiplicity of infection (MOI of 100 PFU per cell) was the highest by 8-14 hr post-infection (p.i.) as compared to the lower MOI of 4 PFU per cell (14 to 17 hr p.i.). The first virus-specific proteins appeared in cells from 2 to 5 hr p.i.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cells, Cultured
• Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*metabolism
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/physiology
• Mice
• Viral Proteins/analysis
• Viral Proteins/*biosynthesis
• Virus Replication

Substances:

• 0 (Viral Proteins)

[Spread of early-summer meningoencephalitis in the Federal Republic of Germany]

Ackermann R,  Kruger K,  Roggendorf M,  Rehse-Kupper B,  Mortter M,  Schneider M,  Vukadinovic I.

[Article in German]

Between 1978 and 1984 there were 299 serologically confirmed cases of tick-borne encephalitis in the Federal Republic of Germany (180 males, 119 females; aged 1-82 years). A previous tick bite was recalled by 258 (86.2%). The illness had taken the form of a feverish infection in 13, meningitis in 161, meningoencephalitis in 13, and meningomyeloencephalitis in 14. There were three deaths (1%), and permanent neurological sequelae in 20 (7%). The incidence of new cases cases between April and October varied from eight to 118 per year. The Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) was the place of infection in 239, other European countries in 52 (42 in Austria). In the FRG the disease occurred predominantly in Bavaria (156), half of the cases in Lower Bavaria and eastern and northern Upper Bavaria and in Baden-Wurttemberg (78), concentrated in the regions around Freiburg and Karlsruhe, a few (3) in Hessen and Rhineland-Palatinate (2). No cases were noted in other parts of the FRG. Antibody studies on 8526 persons in the endemic regions of Bavaria and Baden-Wurttemberg produced rates of 2.0 and 1.2%, respectively. The rate increased with age, to a peak of 2.4% in the seventh decade. Those working in forestry and agriculture had a higher antibody rate, at 4.6 and 3.3% respectively, than civil servants, employees and housewives (0.4-0.9%). In some areas the antibody rate varied from less than 1 to 6%. Those with higher antibody rates also had higher infection rates, and vice versa.

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Aged
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Female
• Germany, West
• Human
• Infant
• Male
• Meningitis, Viral/epidemiology
• Meningitis, Viral/immunology
• Meningoencephalitis/*epidemiology
• Meningoencephalitis/immunology
• Middle Age
• Seasons

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Tick-borne meningoencephalitis and Lyme arthritis in the orientation run. Can ticks become a problem in sports medicine?]

Fahrer H.

[Article in German]

MeSH Terms:

• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Human
• Lyme Disease/*prevention & control
• Lyme Disease/transmission
• Prospective Studies
• Running
• *Sports Medicine
• Ticks/microbiology

[Double infection with early summer meningoencephalitis virus and Borrelia burgdorferi]

Kristoferitsch W,  Stanek G,  Kunz C.

[Article in German]

A 68-year-old woman developed a meningoencephalitis 18 days after a tick bite. IgG and IgM antibodies against tick-encephalitis virus were demonstrated, by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (csf). Lymphoplasmocytic pleocytosis was present in csf for over six weeks, as was an increased IgM level. Three weeks after the onset of neurological symptoms and clearing of the encephalitis there occurred multiple peripheral pareses in the left leg which were slow to regress. Retrospectively, IgM and IgG antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi were demonstrated in deep-frozen serum and csf. Since IgG antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi, locally synthesised in csf, could also be demonstrated, it must be assumed that the patient had a double infection. It is suggested that in confirmed cases of tick-encephalitis with an atypical course an additional infection with Borrelia should be considered, because if present the latter can be successfully treated with high doses of penicillin.

MeSH Terms:

• Aged
• Antibodies, Bacterial/chemical synthesis
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Austria
• Borrelia/immunology
• Borrelia Infections/*complications
• Case Report
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*complications
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
• Female
• Human

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Bacterial)
• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Immunization plan for foreign travel and sojourn]

Herzog C.

[Article in German]

Immunization offers the traveller protection against dangerous communicable diseases. In recent years the international traveller has had to consider not only the vaccinations required by some countries under the International Health Regulations (at present only yellow fever and cholera) but also a growing number of vaccinations for individual protection. The risk of infection varies with destination, means of travel, lifestyle, season and length of stay abroad, and the vaccination schedule and counselling must be adapted accordingly. Apart from the "exotic" vaccinations mentioned above, a short review is presented of the indications, use and efficacy of vaccinations against poliomyelitis, tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitis B (+ hepatitis A prophylaxis), typhoid, meningococci, rabies, tuberculosis and tick-borne encephalitis.

MeSH Terms:

• Cholera Vaccines/administration & dosage
• Diphtheria Toxoid/administration & dosage
• Gamma-Globulins/administration & dosage
• Hepatitis A/immunology
• Hepatitis A/prevention & control
• Human
• *Immunization
• Immunization Schedule
• Immunization, Secondary
• Malaria/prevention & control
• Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral/administration & dosage
• Risk
• Switzerland
• Tetanus Toxoid/administration & dosage
• *Travel
• Tropical Climate
• Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines/administration & dosage
• World Health Organization
• Yellow Fever/immunology
• Yellow Fever/prevention & control

Substances:

• 0 (Cholera Vaccines)
• 0 (Diphtheria Toxoid)
• 0 (Gamma-Globulins)
• 0 (Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral)
• 0 (Tetanus Toxoid)
• 0 (Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines)

Tick-borne encephalitis virus genome. The nucleotide sequence coding for virion structural proteins.

Pletnev AG,  Yamshchikov VF,  Blinov VM.

[Article in English]

RNA of a flavivirus, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV; strain Sofjin), was subjected to reverse transcription and the DNA copy was transformed into double-stranded DNA by the action of E. coli DNA-polymerase I (Klenow fragment). This DNA was annealed with plasmid pBR322. The recombinant plasmids were cloned in E. coli K802. The nucleotide sequence of the inserts of the clones, coding for region structural proteins C, M, E and nonstructural protein NS1, was determined by the Maxam-Gilbert method. The genes of structural proteins form a compact cluster. Homology has been studied of the TBEV sequences found with the structures of proteins and RNAs of other flaviviruses, yellow fever virus and West Nile virus, and a high degree of homology was found.

MeSH Terms:

• Amino Acid Sequence
• Base Sequence
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*genetics
• *Genes, Viral
• Viral Proteins/*genetics
• Viral Structural Proteins

Substances:

• 0 (Viral Proteins)
• 0 (Viral Structural Proteins)

Secondary Source ID:

• GENBANK/X07755

A tentative model of formation of structural proteins of tick-borne encephalitis virus (flavivirus).

Lyapustin VN,  Svitkin YuV,  Ugarova TYu,  Lashkevich VA,  Agol VI.

[Article in English]

The time course of tick-borne encephalitis virus cell-free protein synthesis was studied by using either [35S]-methionine or formyl[35S]methionyl-tRNAMet/f as substrates, and the [35S]methionine-labelled products were compared by fingerprinting tryptic peptides. An intermediate in the protein processing, the polypeptide doublet p36/33, was characterized and a tentative model for flavivirus structural protein synthesis and processing was proposed.

MeSH Terms:

• Amino Acid Sequence
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*metabolism
• Models, Biological
• RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl/metabolism
• Sulfur Radioisotopes/diagnostic use
• Viral Proteins/*biosynthesis
• Viral Structural Proteins

Substances:

• 0 (RNA, Transfer, Amino Acyl)
• 0 (Sulfur Radioisotopes)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)
• 0 (Viral Structural Proteins)
• 0 (tRNA, formylmethionine-)

[Factors affecting the level of antihemagglutinin detection in the diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis]

Razguliaeva AV,  Vorob'eva MS,  Nikonova VA.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Comparative Study
• Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• Hemagglutinins, Viral/*immunology
• Human
• Serologic Tests/methods

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Hemagglutinins, Viral)

[Determination of the degree of infectiousness of adult ixodid ticks with the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Korenberg EI,  Bannova GG,  Kovalevskii IV,  Karavanov AS.

[Article in Russian]

It was shown to be principally possible to determine the content of tick-borne encephalitis virus in ticks in a certain territory by total collection of these arthropods in permanent areas followed by individual virological examination and titration of virus in the infected ticks.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors/microbiology
• Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Methods
• Ticks/*microbiology

[Virus-carrying ixodid ticks in the Maritime Territory]

Kolonin GV,  Baranov NI,  Leonova VN,  Okulova NM,  Sarmanova ES.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Mice
• Nymph/microbiology
• Seasons
• Siberia
• Species Specificity
• Ticks/*microbiology

[Clinico-epidemiological characteristics of tick-borne erythema annulare]

Dekonenko EP,  Smirnov IK,  Umanskii KG.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Aged
• Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology
• Erythema Multiforme/*diagnosis
• Erythema Multiforme/epidemiology
• Erythema Multiforme/etiology
• Female
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age
• Nervous System Diseases/diagnosis
• Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology
• Nervous System Diseases/etiology
• Neurologic Examination
• Recurrence
• Tick Infestations/complications
• Tick Infestations/*diagnosis
• Tick Infestations/epidemiology
• USSR

Different immune responses after intradermal and intramuscular administration of vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis virus.

Zoulek G,  Roggendorf M,  Deinhardt F,  Kunz C.

[Article in English]

A single multisite intradermal (ID) administration of the same dose used for regular intramuscular (IM) immunisation with vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) resulted in seroconversion of all vaccinees within three weeks: with the regular IM schedule, two vaccinations were necessary for all vaccinees to seroconvert. After the first ID vaccination, antibodies of the IgM class against TBEV (anti-TBEV-IgM) were observed in all vaccinees; after the first IM vaccination, only three out of nine vaccinees showed an IgM response. The geometric mean titer (GMT) of anti-TBEV-IgM in seropositives was 5-20-fold higher in the ID group and similar to that after natural infection. The GMT of antibodies of the IgG class against TBEV (anti-TBEV-IgG) was also higher in the ID group but with a less marked difference. Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibodies appeared earlier and persisted longer after one or two ID injections; after a third vaccination, HI antibody levels were similar in both groups. Side effects after ID vaccination were limited to local reactions. These results indicate that follow-up injections may be omitted or at least reduced after ID administration of the vaccine dose usually used for IM vaccination schedules. However, additional studies in larger groups of vaccinees are necessary before ID vaccination can be recommended for general use.

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Female
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• IgG/analysis
• IgG/biosynthesis
• IgM/analysis
• IgM/biosynthesis
• Injections, Intradermal
• Injections, Intramuscular
• Male
• *Vaccination
• Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
• Viral Vaccines/adverse effects
• Viral Vaccines/*immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (IgG)
• 0 (IgM)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Nonstructural protein NV5 of the tick-borne encephalitis virus possesses precipitating activity characteristic for the nonvirion (soluble) antigen]

Liapustin VN,  Gritsun TS,  Lashkevich VA.

[Article in Russian]

A preparation of tick-borne encephalitis virus proteins obtained by destruction of the infected cells under strong denaturating conditions possesses the precipitating activity in immunodiffusion characteristic of nonvirion ("soluble") antigen. This precipitating activity was shown to be provided by protein P93 (NV5).

MeSH Terms:

• Antigens, Viral/*analysis
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Immunoelectrophoresis/methods
• Molecular Weight
• Precipitin Tests
• Solubility
• Viral Nonstructural Proteins
• Viral Proteins/*analysis
• Virion/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Viral Nonstructural Proteins)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)

Studies on preparation of a tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccine from the Skalica strain.

Gresikova M,  Sekeyova M,  Marcinka K,  Ciampor F.

[Article in English]

Diethylether-treated vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) represents a new type vaccine consisting of lipid-free and antigenically efficient components instead of whole virus particles. The TBE virus strain designated Skalica was used for vaccine preparation. This strain is thermosensitive, produces small plaques under agar overlay, is nonpathogenic for adult white mice following subcutaneous (s.c.) application and causes threshold viraemia in host animals. The vaccine was harmless and immunogenic as evidenced by experiments on white mice. Antibodies to TBE virus strain Ir 13 present in human healthy population of a natural TBE focus showed similar levels when tested with the Skalica strain. The Skalica virus strain can be recommended for preparation of the vaccine against TBE.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis
• Cells, Cultured
• Chick Embryo
• Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/ultrastructure
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Ether, Ethyl
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Mice
• Microscopy, Electron
• Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
• Viral Vaccines/*immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Vaccines, Attenuated)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)
• 60-29-7 (Ether, Ethyl)

Two kinds of monoclonal antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus.

Gaidamovich SYa,  Melnikova YeE,  Gresikova M,  Sekeyova M,  Novokhatsky AS,  Kushch AA,  Novak M,  Sveshnikova NA,  Mikheeva TG,  Krasnobayeva ZN,  et al..

[Article in English]

Two types of monoclonal antibodies (MA) of the KEN and NEK series prepared to tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus differed in the spectrum of their reactivity in serological tests and in their ability to react with individual representatives of the TBE virus complex. The KEN series MA were induced to the 4072 strain isolated from the blood of a patient in the U.S.S.R. The NEK series MA were prepared to the Skalica strain isolated from a bank vole in Czechoslovakia. Both groups of MA belonged to IgG class, reacted in immunofluorescence (IF) test, but possessed no haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) activity. MA of the NEK series reacted in the IF and complement fixation (CF) tests with all members of the TBE virus complex, except of the Powassan virus. MA of the KEN series had no CF activity and in the IF test, they did not react with Powassan and Langat TP-21 viruses and with the Skalica strain of TBE virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology
• Antibodies, Viral/*immunology
• Complement Fixation Tests
• Cross Reactions
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• IgG/analysis
• IgG/immunology
• Immunoenzyme Techniques
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Neutralization Tests

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (IgG)

Preparation and characterization of hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus.

Kushch AA,  Novak M,  Melnikova YeE,  Gaidamovich SYa,  Gresikova M,  Sekeyova M,  Novokhatsky AS,  Mikheeva TG,  Sveshnikova NA,  Borecky L,  et al..

[Article in English]

Monoclonal antibodies (MA) were prepared to two strains of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus: strain 4072 isolated from a patient in the U.S.S.R. and low-pathogenic for mice strain Skalica, isolated from a bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) in Slovakia. MA specific to the 4072 and Skalica strains were produced by hybridomas of the KEN (60 clones) and NEK (65 clones) series, respectively. Chromosomal analysis of MA producing 114 hybridoma clones of both series revealed a great variability in the number of chromosomes either in the range of given clones or between individual clones. The hybridoma cells under study possessed a high degree of transformation manifested by good growth in the mouse peritoneal cavity and marked accumulation in ascitic fluid (AF).

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Animals, Suckling
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/*biosynthesis
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
• Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis
• Antigens, Viral/immunology
• Cell Line
• Clone Cells
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Human
• Hybridomas
• Karyotyping
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Hares (Leporidae) and their parasitic ticks (Ixodidae) in relation to tick-borne diseases]

Shen YZ.

[Article in Chinese]

Publication Types:

• Journal Article
• Review

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors
• *Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*transmission
• Hemorrhagic Fever, Omsk/transmission
• Human
• Rabbits/*parasitology
• Tick Infestations/transmission
• Tick Paralysis
• Ticks/*microbiology

[Diagnostic preparations based on monoclonal antibodies]

Gaidamovich SI,  Novokhatskii AS,  Nosik DN,  Bespalova IN,  Litvinovich NE.

[Article in Russian]

The specific activity of diagnostic preparations based on monoclonal IgM MAK-14-7 interacting with the antigens of the Venezuela equine encephalomyelitis virus, monoclonal IgG KAMA-51 interacting with the antigens of the forest spring encephalitis virus and monoclonal IgA OKA and IgM OKA binding to the antigens of the vaccine virus was studied by the enzymatic immunological and immunofluorescent tests. Both the ascitic preparations of the antibodies and the fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated reagents such as MAK-FITC, KAMA-FITC and OKA-FITC were characterized by high specificity and activity. The specific sensitivity and activity of the monoclonal immunoglobulins was completely maintained in the mixed and combined preparations.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/*diagnostic use
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
• Cell Line
• Cercopithecus aethiops
• Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Hamsters
• Hela Cells/microbiology
• Human
• Immunoenzyme Techniques
• Mesocricetus
• Swine
• Viral Vaccines/immunology
• Virus Cultivation

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

A model study of the use of monoclonal antibodies in capture enzyme immunoassays for antigen quantification exploiting the epitope map of tick-borne encephalitis virus.

Heinz FX,  Tuma W,  Guirakhoo F,  Kunz C.

[Article in English]

On the basis of an epitope model, capture enzyme immunoassay systems using monoclonal antibodies have been devised for the detection and quantification of Tick-borne encephalitis virus and compared with a reference system employing polyclonal sera. Monoclonal antibodies were used both as capture and detector antibodies, their suitability depending primarily on their avidity and intrinsic background activity. A considerable increase in sensitivity was achieved by combining antibodies to different non-overlapping epitopes. Biotinylation of the detector antibodies allowed the construction of multiple site simultaneous binding assays. Furthermore the use of monoclonal antibodies of defined serological specificity made virus type identification possible. This assay can therefore be used as a rapid 'test of identity' as required during the manufacture of viral vaccines.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/*diagnostic use
• Antibody Affinity
• Antigens, Viral/*analysis
• Binding Sites, Antibody
• Comparative Study
• Cysteine Endopeptidases/*blood
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• *Epitopes
• Guinea Pigs
• Immunization
• *Immunoenzyme Techniques
• Mice
• Rabbits
• Viral Vaccines/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Binding Sites, Antibody)
• 0 (Epitopes)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)
• EC 3.4.22 (Cysteine Endopeptidases)
• EC 3.4.99.46 (multicatalytic endopeptidase complex)

[Interaction of togaviruses with cultured pancreatic tissue of experimental animals as a criterium of its viability]

Tregerova V,  Gresikova M,  Rajcani J.

[Article in Slovak]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*growth & development
• Mice
• Pancreas/*microbiology
• Tissue Culture
• *Tissue Survival

[Viral meningoencephalitis in Czechoslovakia in 1985]

Havlik J,  Novak M.

[Article in Czech]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Czechoslovakia
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Human
• Infant
• Meningoencephalitis/diagnosis
• Meningoencephalitis/*epidemiology

[Natural foci of human diseases near the Baikal and Amur railroad mainline].

Kovalevskii IV,  Korenberg EI.

[Article in Russian]

Publication Types:

• Journal Article
• Review

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors
• Bacterial Infections/*epidemiology
• *Disease Reservoirs
• Disease Vectors
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology
• Environmental Microbiology
• Human
• Leptospirosis/epidemiology
• Rabies/epidemiology
• *Railroads
• Rickettsia Infections/epidemiology
• Siberia
• Ticks
• Tularemia/epidemiology
• Virus Diseases/*epidemiology
• Yersinia Infections/epidemiology

[Limits of the changes in the intensity of the epidemic manifestation of natural foci of tick-borne encephalitis]

Korenberg EI,  Ivanova LM,  Iurkova EV.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Disease Outbreaks/*epidemiology
• *Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Human
• Russia
• Time Factors

[Neurologic manifestations of Borrelia burgdorferi infections]

Uldry PA,  Steck AJ,  Regli F.

[Article in French]

Lyme disease, first recognized in 1975, typically begins in summer with erythema chronicum migrans (ECM) followed some months later by neurological symptoms (meningoencephalitis, cranial neuropathy), associated with carditis and arthritis. Bannwarth's syndrome is characterized by an ECM followed by radicular pain and radicular sensory and motor disturbances, accompanied by aseptic meningitis. In both cases the cerebrospinal fluid typically shows marked lymphocytic pleocytosis accompanied by an oligoclonal reaction. Despite differences in the clinical symptoms, a borrelia isolated from ticks has been implicated as the etiologic agent of both diseases, and specific antibody titers usually reach a peak between the third and sixth week after onset of the disease. Investigations in 5 patients who developed neurologic symptoms after tick-borne borrelia infection revealed specific antibodies (IgM, IgG) against Borrelia burgdorferi in all sera, and all the patients recovered, one of them without treatment and the others under penicillin or tetracyclines. None developed major complications (carditis, arthritis).

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Aged
• Borrelia/isolation & purification
• Borrelia Infections/*complications
• Case Report
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/etiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Human
• Lyme Disease/*complications
• Male
• Meningitis, Viral/etiology
• Meningitis, Viral/microbiology
• Meningoencephalitis/*etiology
• Meningoencephalitis/microbiology
• Middle Age

[Differentiation of tick-borne encephalitis viruses using monoclonal antibodies]

Gaidamovich SI,  Novokhatskii AS,  Mel'nikova EE,  Sveshnikova NA,  Kushch AA.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/*diagnostic use
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*classification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Human
• Serotyping

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)

[Immunochemical characteristics of the antigens of a variant tick-borne encephalitis virus adapted to Hyalomma plumbeum ticks]

Dzhivanian TI,  Chunikhin SP,  Lisak VM,  Kashtanova GM,  Korolev MB.

[Article in Russian]

A comparative study of immunochemical properties of a preparation of the virion antigen of a variant of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus adapted to H. plumbeum ticks (clone 718/574) and the parental TBE strain revealed the following features: (1) immunoelectrodiffusion test revealed no immunoprecipitation rockets directed towards cathode in the clone 718/574 preparation; anodic precipitates differed in shape from those of the parental strain; (2) diffuse precipitation in agar showed a reaction of incomplete identity between the virion antigen of clone 718/574 and the parental strain antigen, the clone 718/574 antigen forming only one precipitation band in contrast to two precipitation bands of the parental strain; (3) immune electron microscopy demonstrated a peculiar nature of the halo-overlay by immunoglobulins of clone 718/574 virions differing from that of the parental strain.

MeSH Terms:

• *Adaptation, Physiological
• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/*analysis
• Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/ultrastructure
• Immunoelectrophoresis
• Microscopy, Electron
• Precipitin Tests
• Ticks/*microbiology
• *Variation (Genetics)
• Virion/immunology
• Virion/ultrastructure
• Virus Cultivation

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Experimental study of the immunological reactivity of inbred mice with varying sensitivity to the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Kan GA,  Vorob'eva MS,  Shalamberidze TD,  Blokha VV.

[Article in Russian]

Immunological responsiveness of two lines of inbred mice, BALb/c and CBA, was studied by immunization of the animals with concentrated tick-borne encephalitis vaccine, and the role of cell-mediated immunity in formation of resistance of the two genetic lines of mice was evaluated. Determinations of the minimal immunizing dose of the vaccine revealed differences in parameters of the immunizing effect. Studies of the effect of TBE vaccine on the status of cell-mediated immunity by lymphocyte blastogenesis test led to a conclusion that vaccination of BALb/c mice contributed to the realization of the mitogenic effect of the antigen used to much greater extent.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Comparative Study
• Disease Susceptibility
• Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Immunity, Cellular
• Immunization
• Lymphocytes/immunology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C/*immunology
• Mice, Inbred CBA/*immunology
• Viral Vaccines/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Dynamic regression models of human tick-borne encephalitis morbidity in the Latvian SSR]

Okulova NM,  Skadinia EA,  Chunikhin SP,  Nesaule VM.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors
• Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Human
• Latvia
• Regression Analysis
• Rural Population
• Ticks
• Urban Population
• Weather

Circulation of mosquito-borne viruses in large-scale sheep farms in eastern Slovakia.

Juricova Z,  Mitterpak J,  Prokopic J,  Hubalek Z.

[Article in English]

Samples of blood sera collected from 608 sheep in large farms of the districts of Trebisov, Michalovce, Vranov nad Toplou and Humenne were investigated in hemagglutination-inhibition test for the presence of mosquito-borne viruses Sindbis, West Nile, Tahyna and Calovo. Antibodies to arboviruses Tahyna (11.5%) and Calovo (10.9%) were detected most frequently, while a lower sero-positivity was recorded to the Sindbis (2.3%) and West-Nile (1.0%) viruses. Certain differences were found in the infection rates in the respective districts: the highest frequency of antibodies to Tahyna and Calovo viruses was recorded in sheep of the district of Trebisov and the lowest one in animals of the district of Humenne.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology
• Arbovirus Infections/veterinary
• Arboviruses/*immunology
• Bunyamwera Group Viruses/immunology
• California Group Viruses/immunology
• Czechoslovakia
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Sheep/*immunology
• Sheep Diseases/epidemiology
• Sindbis Virus/immunology
• West Nile Virus/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Hemostasis in tick-borne encephalitis]

Lyskovtsev MM,  Saganova LG.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• *Blood Coagulation
• Blood Coagulation Tests
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*blood
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age

[Immune complex formation during the passive immunization of mice infected with the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Subbotina LS,  Pen'evskaia NA,  Matiukhina LV,  Beliavskaia NA.

[Article in Russian]

The results of investigations, indicating that the development of the infectious process in experimental encephalitis is accompanied by the formation of immune complexes circulating in the blood and localized in the brain tissue, are presented. The intravenous injections of a homologous serum preparation into intact animals induces the appearance of a rather low level of circulating immune complexes, which precedes the elimination of antibodies. The intravenous injection of a specific serum preparation two days after the infection of the animals with tick-borne encephalitis virus is accompanied by the formation of immune complexes; the course of infection is not aggravated.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigen-Antibody Complex/analysis
• Antigen-Antibody Complex/*immunology
• Ascitic Fluid/immunology
• Brain/immunology
• Brain/microbiology
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/etiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Immune Sera/immunology
• *Immunization, Passive
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Time Factors

Substances:

• 0 (Antigen-Antibody Complex)
• 0 (Immune Sera)

Arbovirological survey in Silica plateau area, Roznava District, Czechoslovakia.

Hubalek Z,  Cerny V,  Mittermayer T,  Kilik J,  Halouzka J,  Juricova Z,  Kuhn I,  Bardos V.

[Article in English]

The serosurveys conducted in the Silica plateau area of the Slovak karst region revealed the presence of specific neutralizing antibody against tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in 18% of local inhabitants (33 examined, mostly goats and sheep farmers), 54% of goats (26 examined), 18% of sheep (120 examined) and 13% of cattle (60 examined), against Lipovnik (LIP) virus in 30% of inhabitants, 88% of goats, 55% of sheep and 45% of cattle, and against Bhanja (BHA) virus in 27% of inhabitants, 46% of goats, 29% of sheep and 23% of cattle. The results of hemagglutination-inhibition tests with TBE and BHA antigens were analogous. A detailed analysis of these serologic data points to a recent enhancement of the circulation of LIP and BHA viruses and to a very low TBE virus activity in this natural focus of arboviral infections. The immunological surveys of the 32 former "Roznava disease" patients, conducted 25 years after an extensive epidemic of a TBE virus infection that originated in Roznava in 1951, revealed the presence of neutralizing (and also hemagglutination-inhibiting) antibodies against TBE virus in as many as 78% of cases. Antibodies against LIP and BHA viruses were also detectable in the sera of 16% and 9%, respectively, of these individuals. Populations of the ectoparasites examined for the presence of arbovirus comprised 231 Ixodes ricinus, 806 Dermacentor marginatus and 204 Haemaphysalis punctata ticks and 117 specimens of the louse-flies Melophagus ovinus. Two strains of arbivirus that were antigenically related to Lipovnik and Tribec viruses belonging to a group of Kemerovo viruses were isolated from male and female I. ricinus ticks collected from cattle.

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Age Factors
• Aged
• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Arboviruses/*immunology
• Arboviruses/isolation & purification
• Cattle
• Child
• Czechoslovakia
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Female
• Goats
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Lice/microbiology
• Male
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred ICR
• Middle Age
• Neutralization Tests
• Sheep
• Ticks/microbiology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Immunogenicity and protective properties for mice of the formalin-inactivated tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Gut W,  Jarzabek Z,  Sadowski W,  Kantoch M.

[Article in Polish]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/drug effects
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Formaldehyde/pharmacology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• *Vaccination
• Vaccines, Attenuated/*administration & dosage
• Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
• Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage
• Viral Vaccines/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Vaccines, Attenuated)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)
• 50-00-0 (Formaldehyde)

[Immunoenzyme method in the diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis]

Bashkirtsev VN,  Ivanov AP,  Dekonenko EP,  Pivanova GP,  Vorob'eva MS.

[Article in Russian]

Data are presented on the use of direct and indirect enzyme-immunoassay (EIA) in the study of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus. EIA has been shown to be considerably more effective than the conventional CFT and HI tests exceeding them in sensitivity by 50-150 times both in studies of the antigenic activity of various preparations and in examinations of human sera. The possibility of testing various antigenic substrates makes EIA a universal method suitable for numerous studies. The high sensitivity of the method is useful for antigenic differentiation of viruses and strains within the TBE complex. The EIA may be used satisfactorily for early diagnosis of TBE and study of seroconversion in vaccines.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Antigens, Viral/immunology
• Brain/immunology
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Evaluation Studies
• Human
• IgG/analysis
• Immunoenzyme Techniques
• Mice
• Serologic Tests/methods
• Viral Vaccines/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (IgG)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

Arbovirus infections in several Ontario mammals, 1975-1980.

Artsob H,  Spence L,  Th'ng C,  Lampotang V,  Johnston D,  MacInnes C,  Matejka F,  Voigt D,  Watt I.

[Article in English]

Serological studies for arboviruses were conducted on 725 animal sera collected in 22 Ontario townships between 1975 and 1980 including 44 coyote (Canis latrans), 277 red fox (Vulpes vulpes), 192 raccoon (Procyon lotor) and 212 striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). Hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to two flaviviruses, namely St. Louis encephalitis and Powassan were found in 50% of coyote, 47% of skunk, 26% of fox and 10% of raccoon sera. Similarly, hemagglutination inhibition antibodies to a California serogroup virus, snowshoe hare, were found in 12% of fox, 7% of skunk, 7% of raccoon and 5% of coyote sera. No antibodies were detected to two alphavirus, namely eastern equine encephalitis and western equine encephalitis, antigens. This study affirms the endemic presence of Powassan and snowshoe hare virus and further delineates the scope of St. Louis encephalitis activity in Ontario.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Arbovirus Infections/epidemiology
• Arbovirus Infections/*veterinary
• Arboviruses/immunology
• Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Epidemiologic Methods
• Flavivirus/immunology
• Mammals
• Ontario
• Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Primates as laboratory models of viral persistence and the chronic course of viral encephalitis]

Fokina GI,  Pogodina VV,  Malenko GV.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Chronic Disease
• Comparative Study
• *Encephalitis
• *Encephalitis, Tick-Borne
• Macaca fascicularis
• Macaca mulatta
• *Togaviridae Infections
• *West Nile Fever

[Western tick-borne encephalitis in the region of the Bialowieza Forest]

Botiakow WI,  Samojlowa TI,  Protas II.

[Article in Polish]

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Aged
• Byelarus
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Comparative Study
• *Disease Outbreaks
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Female
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age
• Poland
• Trees

Tick-borne encephalitis and haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Europe. Report on a WHO meeting.

[No authors listed].

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Animal
• Austria
• Comparative Study
• Czechoslovakia
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/transmission
• Europe
• Far East
• Germany, East
• Germany, West
• Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/diagnosis
• Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/*epidemiology
• Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/transmission
• Human
• Hungary
• Middle Age
• Poland
• Research
• Seasons
• Switzerland
• World Health Organization
• Yugoslavia

H-2 restricted regulation by soluble autoantigens of the tick-borne encephalitis virus-induced autoreactive T-effector and T-suppressor lymphocytes in mice.

Khozinsky VV,  Semenov BF.

[Article in English]

Soluble autoantigens (mouse red blood cells lysed by sonication) blocked in vitro the antigen-recognizing receptors of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus-induced autoreactive T-lymphocytes (ARTL), effectors of the local graft-versus-host reaction (GVHR) in a syngeneic system and prevented the development of GVHR in vivo. Antigen-recognizing receptors were also found on T-suppressors (Ts) that became activated during experimental tick-borne encephalitis in mice and inhibited the activity of ARTL. The interaction between these receptors and autoantigens in vitro resulted in a loss of the ability of Ts to inhibit in vivo the ARTL-mediated GVHR. A similar result was obtained with ARTL and Ts activated in mice infected with Langat, dengue type 2 (D2) and yellow fever (strain 17D) viruses. The block of the antigen-recognizing receptors of T-cells was reversible, and not associated with lymphokine production or effector death. The block of the antigen-recognizing receptors in vitro and the loss of the corresponding T-cell function in vivo occurred provided that the donors of soluble erythrocyte antigens (SEA) and of the lymphocytes had at least one common major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype. Injection SEA from donors whose H-2 complex haplotypes were identical to those of TBE-infected recipients prevented in the latter the formation of ARTL or Ts. The autoantigens inhibiting the ARTL and Ts activities seemed to be products of the MHC genes. The role of soluble H-2 autoantigens in preventing virus-induced autoimmune reaction and maintaining a state of natural immunological tolerance is discussed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens/*analysis
• Autoantigens/*analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Erythrocytes/immunology
• H-2 Antigens/*immunology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred Strains
• Species Specificity
• T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
• T-Lymphocytes, Suppressor-Effector/*immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens)
• 0 (Autoantigens)
• 0 (H-2 Antigens)

Epitope mapping of flavivirus glycoproteins.

Heinz FX.

[Article in English]

Publication Types:

• Journal Article
• Review

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/diagnostic use
• Antibodies, Viral/immunology
• Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
• Antigens, Viral/analysis
• Antigens, Viral/*immunology
• Binding, Competitive
• Cross Reactions
• Dengue Virus/immunology
• Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
• Encephalitis Virus, St. Louis/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Epitopes/analysis
• Epitopes/immunology
• Flavivirus/classification
• Flavivirus/genetics
• Flavivirus/*immunology
• Glycoproteins/analysis
• Glycoproteins/*immunology
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Neutralization Tests
• RNA, Viral/genetics
• Viral Proteins/analysis
• Viral Proteins/*immunology
• Viral Vaccines/immunology
• Yellow Fever Virus/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Epitopes)
• 0 (Glycoproteins)
• 0 (RNA, Viral)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[N-terminal amino acid sequences of the structural proteins of the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Pletnev AG,  Iamshchikov VF.

[Article in Russian]

DNA-copies of the tick-borne encephalitis RNA fragments have been cloned in plasmid pBR322 in E. coli cells. The sequencing of the cloned DNA-copies revealed clones containing genes coding for viral structural proteins E and C. Strong homology between amino acid sequences of proteins E and C from two TBF strains is found.

MeSH Terms:

• Amino Acid Sequence
• Cloning, Molecular
• DNA, Viral/genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
• Genes, Viral
• Nucleic Acid Hybridization
• Viral Proteins/*analysis
• Viral Proteins/genetics

Substances:

• 0 (DNA, Viral)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)

[Amino acid sequence of various tryptic peptides of the envelope protein of the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Baram GI,  Grachev MA,  Nazimov IV,  Pletnev AG,  Pressman EK.

[Article in Russian]

Protein E of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) (strain Sofin) was treated with purified trypsin in 1% Triton X-100, and the peptides thus obtained were separated by micro-column reversed-phase chromatography. Four of the purified peptides were sequenced, their structures being in accordance with the nucleotide sequence of the viral protein E gene. Amino acid sequences of peptides deduced from the cDNA primary structure are: Ser-Val-Leu-Ile-Pro-Ser-His-Ala-Gln-Gly-Asp-Leu-Thr-Gly-Arg (N-terminal peptide of protein E); Thr-Glu-Gly-Ala-Gln-Asn-Trp-Asn-Ala-Glu-Arg: Trp-Leu-Glu-Gly-Asp-Ser-Leu-Arg; Leu-Val-Glu-Phe-Gly-Ala-Pro-His-Ala-Val-Lys.

MeSH Terms:

• Amino Acid Sequence
• Cloning, Molecular
• DNA, Viral/genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
• Genes, Viral
• Viral Envelope Proteins/*analysis
• Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics

Substances:

• 0 (DNA, Viral)
• 0 (Viral Envelope Proteins)

[Use of protein A in the immunosorbent analysis of antibodies to the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Matveev LE,  Pressman EK,  Sigitova VA,  Tsekhanovskaia NA.

[Article in Russian]

The results of the studies made with a view to developing the method for the determination of specific antibodies to the antigen of tick-borne encephalitis virus in human blood serum and liquor are presented. The method is based on the capacity of Staphylococcus aureus protein A to bind with Fc-region of immunoglobulins, which makes it possible to use this protein as the "second" system of antibodies. The conditions for the sorption of the antigen on polystyrene test tubes and for binding 125I-or horse radish peroxidase-labeled protein A preparations with antibodies have been determined, and the method has been approved in tests made on sera and liquor obtained from donors and tick-borne encephalitis patients.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Antibody Specificity
• Antigens, Viral/analysis
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Evaluation Studies
• Human
• Immunoenzyme Techniques
• Immunosorbent Techniques
• Mice
• Rabbits
• Radioimmunoassay/methods
• Staphylococcal Protein A/*diagnostic use
• Virus Cultivation

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Staphylococcal Protein A)

Excretion of louping-ill virus in ewes' milk.

Reid HW,  Pow I.

[Article in English]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Female
• Louping Ill/*microbiology
• Louping Ill/transmission
• Milk/*microbiology
• Sheep

[Comparative study of the antiviral activity of natural double-stranded RNAs in experimental tick-borne encephalitis]

Knoroz MI,  Popova OM,  Davydova AA,  Nosik IN,  Barinskii IF.

[Article in Russian]

A comparative study of the antiviral effect of interferon inducers from the group of natural double-stranded RNAs (yeast plasmid dsRNA, phage phi 6 and phage f2 dsRNAs was carried out on the model of experimental tick-borne encephalitis. The possibility of inducing up to 60% protection against 10 LD50 of TBE virus by prophylactic inoculation of interferon inducers alone was demonstrated. The therapeutic effect was observed only with yeast dsRNA (30% protection when the inducer was administered 4 hours after virus infection of mice). The prophylactic effect of inoculation of interferon inducers (yeast dsRNA and f2 dsRNA) to immune mice correlated with the protective effect of inducers alone. At the same time, the therapeutic effect of inoculation of yeast dsRNA to immune animals (4 hours after TBE virus, 40% protection) was more marked. In the therapeutic use of f2 dsRNA for pre-immunized animals a synergetic effect of the preparation was observed (56.7% protection in 4 hours and 26.7% protection 24 hours postinfection).

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use
• Comparative Study
• Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
• Drug Therapy, Combination
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*drug therapy
• Interferon Inducers/therapeutic use
• Mice
• Plasmids
• RNA, Double-Stranded/*therapeutic use
• RNA, Fungal/therapeutic use
• RNA, Viral/therapeutic use
• Time Factors
• Viral Vaccines/therapeutic use

Substances:

• 0 (Antiviral Agents)
• 0 (Interferon Inducers)
• 0 (Plasmids)
• 0 (RNA, Double-Stranded)
• 0 (RNA, Fungal)
• 0 (RNA, Viral)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Serological characteristics of KAMA-51 monoclonal antibodies to the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Gaidamovich SI,  Mel'nikova EE,  Novokhatskii AS,  Kushch AA,  Sveshnikova NA.

[Article in Russian]

KAMA-51 monoclonal antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus are produced by hybridoma obtained by fusion of splenocytes of mice immunized with this virus with myeloma X-653 cells. The antibody belongs to the IgG class, is active in the immunofluorescence test (IFT), does not react in CFT, and has no antihemagglutinating or neutralizing properties. In the IFT, it reacts with all viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex indicating their directivity to the groupspecific determinant of E protein. In the indirect IFT, antibody titres in the culture fluid are within the range of 1: 16-1: 62, in the ascitic fluids 1: 320-1: 640. Because of the wide range of interspecies reactions, KAMA-51 monoclonal antibody may be used for group detection of the tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/*analysis
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
• Clone Cells/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• IgG/analysis
• IgM/analysis
• Immunization/methods
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (IgG)
• 0 (IgM)

[Active immunization against tick-borne encephalitis in the elderly]

Biro J,  Regius O.

[Article in German]

30 healthy young persons and 19 healthy aged people (between 60-75 years) were vaccinated against tick-borne meningoencephalitis virus. The antibody production of the young people was compared to that of the aged ones following vaccination. It has been found that the antibody production of the aged people was delayed, and more elderly people than young ones showed an increase of the IgM-bearing lymphocytes after vaccination. The morphological changes of the circulating lymphocytes were identified with electron microscope. The presence of cytoplasmic inclusions called parallel tubular arrays could be observed in the course of immunization. The inclusions were not found before vaccination, and it is suggested that the inclusions are related to the in-vivo antigen stimulation.

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Aged
• Antibody Formation
• B-Lymphocytes/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Human
• IgG/analysis
• IgM/analysis
• Immunity, Active
• Middle Age
• Viral Vaccines/*administration & dosage
• Viral Vaccines/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (IgG)
• 0 (IgM)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[FSME, spirochetoses and multiple sclerosis]

Wacker H.

[Article in German]

MeSH Terms:

• Bites and Stings/complications
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*transmission
• Germany, West
• Human
• Multiple Sclerosis/*transmission
• Spirochaetales Infections/*transmission
• Ticks/*microbiology

[Differences in the electrophoretic mobility of the low-molecular virus-specific proteins of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex]

Zhankov AI,  Dzhivanian TI,  Lashkevich VA.

[Article in Russian]

Analysis of low-molecular virus-specific proteins of all the known members of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex viruses: TBE (2 strains), Langat, louping-ill, Negishi, Kyasanur Forest disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever (2 strains), and Powassan, was performed. The cells infected with the above viruses were found to contain low-molecular virus-specific NVX (with the exception of Powassan, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, and Kyasanur Forest disease viruses), NV21/2, NV2, NV11/2, and NV1 proteins. These proteins (except NV1) differ in the electrophoretic mobility in the viruses under study and in TBE strains No. 256 and Sophyin. Thus, electrophoresis may demonstrate differences in the characteristics of proteins of different TBE complex viruses and strains of one virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Comparative Study
• Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*analysis
• Molecular Weight
• Species Specificity
• Viral Proteins/*analysis

Substances:

• 0 (Viral Proteins)

[The Aina/1448 serotype of the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Bochkova NG,  Zhezmer VI,  Trukhina AG,  Gusarova NA,  Pogodina VV.

[Article in Russian]

The antigenic structure of 48 tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBE) strains isolated in the Irkutsk region and the Buryat ASSR in 1960-1981 was studied. Antigenic analysis was performed by the agar gel diffusion-precipitation test using adsorption of the immune sera. A new group of 31 TBE virus strains was found to belong to the Aina/1448 antigenic type. Close ecological relationship between this serotype and Muridae was found. Ix. persulcatus ticks are vectors of 2 TBE virus serotypes, Aina/1448 and eastern serotype. Data on combined circulation of these 2 serotypes of TBE virus in the Irkutsk region and the Buryat ASSR were obtained, the Aina/1448 serotype definitely dominating in 3 areas of the Irkutsk region. The areas of circulation of the Aina/1448 serotype strains are associated with forest and forest-steppe landscapes disturbed by human economic activity.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Animals, Wild
• Antigens, Viral/analysis
• Central Nervous System Diseases/microbiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*classification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Human
• Serotyping
• Siberia
• Ticks/microbiology

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Hybridoma cloning by the end-point dilution method]

Novokhatskii AS,  Malakhova IV,  Mikheeva TG.

[Article in Russian]

Hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, and vaccinia viruses were cloned and recloned by the end-point dilution method in 96-well Linbro plates on a cell feeder layer. With decreasing of the cell seed dose the average number of clones per well decreased and the effectiveness of clone production increased. When an average of one cell per well was introduced, the portion of vells with single clones for hybridomas of various origins ranged from 5.4% to 37.5%. As a rule, the first cloning resulted in a significant rise in titres of monospecific immunoglobulins secreted by hybridomas and improved growth characteristics of the hybrid cell population. Repeated cloning required in most cases for stability of the hybrid line was usually not accompanied by changes in the productivity of the cell cultures.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/analysis
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
• Comparative Study
• Cytological Techniques/instrumentation
• Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Hybridomas/*cytology
• Hybridomas/immunology
• Immunoenzyme Techniques
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Vaccinia Virus/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)

[Vestibular syndrome in diencephalic-hypothalamic damage in patients with tick-borne encephalitis]

Chernykh VG.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Diencephalon/*physiopathology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*physiopathology
• Human
• Hypothalamus/*physiopathology
• Male
• Nystagmus, Physiologic
• Vestibule/*physiopathology

[Persistence of the tick-borne encephalitis and Langat viruses in mouse thymocytes in experimental infection against a background of cyclophosphane-induced immunodepression]

Vargin VV,  Semenov BF.

[Article in Russian]

The intensity of infection of immunocompetent organ cells with tick-borne encephalitis and Langat viruses in mice with temporary immunodeficiency induced by cyclophosphane is characterized. Using the method of infectious centres it was shown that at various stages of the infectious process splenocytes, bone marrow cells and thymocytes may be target cells for both viruses tested. The viruses persist for over 6 weeks in brain and thymocytes of clinically normal mice if at the time of inoculation the animals had a temporary immunodeficiency after a single administration of 200 mg/kg cyclophosphane). The asymptomatic persistence of the viruses, however, was 2-3 times more frequently detected in thymus cells than in the central nervous system. By the set of surface markers, the infected thymocytes were classified as a population of T lymphocytes. We failed to demonstrate the presence on the surface of the infected thymus cells of virus-specific antigens detectable by the complement-dependent immune cytolysis test. The role of virus-infected thymocytes as a reservoir of the agent in chronic forms of flavivirus infections is discussed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/microbiology
• Cyclophosphamide/*pharmacology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Flavivirus/*isolation & purification
• Immune Tolerance/*drug effects
• Lymphoid Tissue/microbiology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• T-Lymphocytes/immunology
• T-Lymphocytes/*microbiology
• Togaviridae Infections/immunology
• Togaviridae Infections/*microbiology

Substances:

• 50-18-0 (Cyclophosphamide)

Antigenic relationships between an isolate of the Western Subtype of tick-borne encephalitis virus and an inactivated vaccine derived from it.

Lee JM,  Stephenson JR.

[Article in English]

High mutation rates resulting from the error prone replicases of RNA viruses could lead to antigenic alterations in viral products and pose significant problems during the manufacture of vaccines against RNA viruses. The production of a vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis virus has been monitored using both polyclonal sera and a library of monoclonal antibodies. Only a few antigenic changes were detected during the alteration of host cell from mouse brain to avian fibroblasts and upon subsequent expansion of the virus population during several rounds of replication. In addition, when the formalin inactivation process was monitored for antigenic change, virtually none was detected.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
• Antigens, Viral/genetics
• Antigens, Viral/*immunology
• Birds
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Formaldehyde
• Mice
• Mutation
• Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
• Viral Vaccines/*immunology
• Virus Cultivation

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Vaccines, Attenuated)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)
• 50-00-0 (Formaldehyde)

Powassan viral encephalitis: a review and experimental studies in the horse and rabbit.

Little PB,  Thorsen J,  Moore W,  Weninger N.

[Article in English]

Powassan virus strain M794, a member of the Flavivirus genus known to infect man and animals in Canada, was inoculated intracerebrally into rabbits and horses. No clinical signs were observed in rabbits, but widespread encephalitis resulted, characterized by lymphoid perivascular cuffing, lymphocytic meningitis, and lymphocytic choroiditis. In horses, eight days after inoculation, prominent neurological signs occurred and lesions were those of non-suppurative encephalomyelitis, neuronal necrosis, and focal parenchymal necrosis. The virus could not be reisolated from the rabbit or horse brains. Pathologic features, useful in separating some of the common North American equine neurological diseases, are discussed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Cerebral Cortex/pathology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/pathology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*veterinary
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests/veterinary
• Horse Diseases/immunology
• Horse Diseases/*pathology
• Horses
• Medulla Oblongata/pathology
• Mice
• *Rabbits
• Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

Human antibody response to immunization with 17D yellow fever and inactivated TBE vaccine.

Kayser M,  Klein H,  Paasch I,  Pilaski J,  Blenk H,  Heeg K.

[Article in English]

The antibody response against flaviviruses tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD), Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), West Nile fever (WNF), Japanese B encephalitis (JE), dengue 2 (DEN-2), and yellow fever (YF) was studied in humans after administration of an inactivated TBE virus vaccine. Individuals were either prevaccinated with 17D yellow fever (experimental group) or without any previous exposure to flaviviruses (control group). The appearance of serum titres of homologous and heterologous haemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies, heterotypic DEN-2 neutralizing antibodies, and TBE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibodies were examined. Individuals prevaccinated with the 17D yellow fever developed an antibody pattern that contrasted with that of the control group. This pattern was characterized as follows: (1) Predominantly anti-TBE IgG antibodies appeared earlier and in higher titres than in the control group, (2) heterologous HI antibodies cross-reacting with the WN flavivirus subgroup preceded the appearance of homologous HI antibodies, (3) a broad spectrum HI response was observed against all flaviviruses tested, and (4) low titre heterotypic DEN-2 neutralizing antibodies were formed in about half of the cases. These observations are discussed in the context of cross-reactivity, cross-protection and virus infection enhancement.

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis
• Cross Reactions
• Dengue Virus/immunology
• Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Flavivirus/*immunology
• Human
• Vaccination
• Viral Vaccines/*immunology
• West Nile Virus/immunology
• Yellow Fever Virus/*immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

Central European tick-borne encephalitis: assessment of risk for persons in the armed services and vacationers.

McNeil JG,  Lednar WM,  Stansfield SK,  Prier RE,  Miller RN.

[Article in English]

Publication Types:

• Letter

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Europe
• Human
• Male
• *Military Medicine
• Risk
• United States/ethnology

Tick-borne encephalitis: a simple method for detection of antibody production in the brain.

Hofmann H,  Heinz FX,  Dippe H,  Kunz C.

[Article in English]

Antibodies found in c.s.f. of patients with TBE are usually produced in the CNS itself, although their presence might also be due to a leak in the blood brain barrier. In the case of local antibody production the ratio of the TBE specific IgM or IgG to the total immunoglobulin is relatively high in c.s.f., whereas in case of a leak this ratio is lower and corresponds to that of the serum. Local antibody production in the brain can therefore be assumed, if the ratio is higher in c.s.f. than in serum. It is possible to determine this ratio in an anti-mu or anti-gamma capturing antibody ELISA, provided that the concentration of capturing antibodies represents the limiting factor of the test system. Under these conditions the absorbance values obtained are a direct reflection of the TBE reactive to nonreactive antibody ratio, since they compet for the limited binding sites presented on the solid phase. Higher extinction values of c.s.f. compared to that of serum are therefore an indication for local antibody production in the brain. Using the method described, differences were found in the production of IgM and IgG antibodies against TBE in the CNS from patients with different clinical history.

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Antibodies, Viral/*biosynthesis
• Antibodies, Viral/cerebrospinal fluid
• Brain/*immunology
• Brain/microbiology
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/cerebrospinal fluid
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
• Human
• IgG/biosynthesis
• IgM/biosynthesis
• Immunoenzyme Techniques
• Meningitis/cerebrospinal fluid
• Meningitis/immunology
• Vaccination
• Viral Vaccines/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (IgG)
• 0 (IgM)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Role of virus-induced autoreactive T-lymphocytes, T-suppressors and the serum factor regulating their activity in the pathogenesis of experimental infection caused by the Langat virus in mice]

Khozinskii VV,  Semenov BF.

[Article in Russian]

The precursors of autoreactive T-lymphocytes (PARTL) have been detected in the spleen of mice infected with Langat virus. When introduced into syngeneic recipients, PARTL differentiate in their lymph nodes into autoreactive T-lymphocytes (ARTL) causing a fatal autoimmune disease in the syngeneic recipients in vivo and capable of destroying syngeneic cell cultures in vitro. In the thymus of mice infected with Langat virus T-suppressors (TS) inhibiting the differentiation of PARTL into ARTL have been detected. The serum of intact mice has been shown to contain the serum blocking factor (SBF) which suppresses the differentiation of PARTL and the activity of TS from donors having common H-2 haplotypes of the gene complex with serum donors. In the course of viral infection the decrease of SBF activity and, simultaneously, the activation of PARTL and TS occur. The activation of PARTL and TS in infected mice may be suppressed by the injection of the serum of intact donors identical in H-2 haplotypes. The injection of ARTL induced by Langat virus into syngeneic recipients infected with this virus provokes the transformation of asymptomatic infection into acute infection, while TS and SBF blocking the differentiation of PARTL protect the animals from death.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Autoimmune Diseases/*etiology
• Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
• Cell Differentiation/drug effects
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• Lymph Nodes/immunology
• Lymphocyte Transformation/drug effects
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred Strains
• Spleen/immunology
• Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/*immunology
• T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
• T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/*immunology
• T-Lymphocytes, Suppressor-Effector/drug effects
• T-Lymphocytes, Suppressor-Effector/*immunology
• Thymus Gland/immunology
• Togaviridae Infections/*etiology
• Togaviridae Infections/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Suppressor Factors, Immunologic)

Antibody-dependent enhancement of tick-borne encephalitis virus infectivity.

Phillpotts RJ,  Stephenson JR,  Porterfield JS.

[Article in English]

Fourteen mouse monoclonal antibodies raised against tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) and polyclonal antisera raised against six other flaviviruses, Edge Hill (EHV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV), Langat (LGTV), louping ill (LIV), West Nile (WNV) and yellow fever (YFV), were tested for their ability to enhance the replication of TBEV in cells of the mouse macrophage-like line P388 D1, and for their reactivity in ELISA and haemagglutination inhibition (HI) tests. Irrespective of their specificity for either the 51K or 58K polypeptide present in TBEV-infected cells, 13 of the 14 monoclonal antibodies enhanced the replication of TBEV but not of WNV. The remaining monoclonal antibody, which immunoprecipitated the 58K polypeptide of TBEV enhanced WNV but not TBEV, although it reacted strongly with both viruses in ELISA and HI tests. Only polyclonal antisera against viruses within the tick-borne encephalitis virus complex (TBEV, LGTV and LIV) enhanced TBEV replication, although all the polyclonal antisera reacted with TBEV by ELISA; two (against JEV and WNV) also reacted by HI test and all enhanced the replication of WNV. These findings suggest that with TBEV, enhancement may be TBEV complex-specific rather than flavivirus-specific. Data derived from testing both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies suggest further that not all antibodies that bind to the envelope glycoprotein of TBEV are able to enhance the replication of TBEV, and that enhancement is epitope-specific.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Monoclonal/*immunology
• Antigen-Antibody Complex
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Flavivirus/*immunology
• IgG/immunology
• Immune Sera/immunology
• Leukemia P388/immunology
• Mice
• Receptors, Fc/analysis
• Species Specificity
• Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
• Virulence

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
• 0 (Antigen-Antibody Complex)
• 0 (IgG)
• 0 (Immune Sera)
• 0 (Receptors, Fc)

Serological investigations on the presence of antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus in domestic animals and birds and in humans.

Girjabu E,  Draganescu N,  Iftimovici R.

[Article in English]

The presence of hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus was investigated in serum samples from domestic animals (217 from swine, 214 from cattle, 179 from goats and 161 from sheep) and birds (214 from geese and 171 from ducks), as well as from 511 apparently healthy subjects of a biotope with particular ornithological and entomological characteristics. The proportion of positive reactions was very low in cattle (1.4%) and goats (1.1%) and more elevated in humans (11.3%). All the serum samples from swine, sheep, geese and ducks gave negative serological results.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Cattle
• Ducks
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Geese
• Goats
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Sheep
• Swine

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Effect of detergents on the hemagglutinating activity of different strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Ostrovskaia OV,  Vereta LA,  Pukhovskaia NM.

[Article in Russian]

A new genetic marker, sensitivity of hemagglutinins of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBE) strains to the effect of hyamine 10-X (Hs), was used for characterization of the hemagglutinating component of freshly isolated TBE virus variants with differing neurovirulence and for strain grouping. This marked may also be used for directed search of strains highly active in HI.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification
• Cloning, Molecular/drug effects
• Comparative Study
• Detergents/*pharmacology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*drug effects
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
• Hemagglutination, Viral/*drug effects
• Mice
• Surface-Active Agents/*pharmacology
• Virulence/drug effects

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Detergents)
• 0 (Surface-Active Agents)

[Immune status and resistance to the tick-borne encephalitis virus in directed exposure to particular links in immunogenesis]

Larina GI,  Pogodina VV.

[Article in Russian]

Mechanism of specific resistance development in experimental tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) and possible effects on this mechanism were studied. Thorough characterization of the immune status of animals included quantitative and functional changes in populations of T and B lymphocytes determined over time via changes in the rosette-forming and antibody producing cells, antihemagglutinins, and index of migration inhibition. Stimulation or inhibition of some links of immunogenesis by means of preparations of directed effect (carageenan, ascorbic acid, heterologous serum, theophylline, levamisole) was reflected in parameters of the immune status and pathogenetic features of TBE. The appearance in the first days after infection of marked specific sensitization, high values of RFC in passive rosette-formation and inhibited function of antibody producing cells, no IgG synthesis by the end of the 1st week were accompanied by high lethality which indicated the lack of resistance to primary infection. The degree of specific sensitization and responsiveness of the animals to antigen was inversely, and antibody response directly related to the degree of resistance.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibody Formation/drug effects
• Ascorbic Acid/pharmacology
• Carrageenan/pharmacology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/drug effects
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Immune Sera/pharmacology
• Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
• Immunity, Natural/drug effects
• Levamisole/pharmacology
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Mice, Inbred CBA
• Theophylline/pharmacology

Substances:

• 0 (Immune Sera)
• 14769-73-4 (Levamisole)
• 50-81-7 (Ascorbic Acid)
• 58-55-9 (Theophylline)
• 9000-07-1 (Carrageenan)

[Characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis virus strains isolated from patients with chronic diseases of the central nervous system]

Pogodina VV,  Meierova RA,  Bochkova NG,  Koreshkova GV.

[Article in Russian]

Two groups of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus strains were studied: Group 1, 5 strains isolated from patients with chronic TBE with progressive course, Group 2, 13 strains isolated from residents of an endemic locality, with chronic diseases of the CNS (amiotrophic lateral sclerosis, epidemic encephalitis, polyoencephalomyelitis, syringomyelia, etc.). Strains of both groups belong to two serotypes of TBE virus: mid-Siberian and Transbaikal (synonym Aina/1448) and eastern. Group 1 strains were heterogeneous in their virulence, immunogenic and surface properties of the virions. The latter characteristic was demonstrated in studies of elution from macropore glass and sensitivity of hemagglutinin to the effect of detergents (Bridge-96, Tween-80). Eight of 13 Group 2 patients had concurrent diseases (tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, tumors, etc.). Streptomycin was demonstrated to activate asymptomatic infection with TBE virus in hamsters. It is assumed that isolation of TBE virus from Group 2 patients could be due to activation of persistent infection under the effect of concurrent diseases and drugs.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Central Nervous System Diseases/*microbiology
• Chronic Disease
• Detergents/pharmacology
• Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/classification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Hamsters
• Hemagglutination, Viral/drug effects
• Human
• Mesocricetus
• Mice
• Serotyping
• Siberia
• Virulence

Substances:

• 0 (Detergents)

[Effect of forest fires on the population count and spatial structure of the taiga tick].

Gorelova NB,  Kovalevskii IV.

[Article in Russian]

Results of two large-scale surveys of Ixodes persulcatus distribution were compared. Surveys were conducted in a south taiga forest area in the Khabarovsk region two and ten years after a great fire. The direct inhibiting effect of the fire on the population of I. persulcatus was not continuous though apparent. By the moment of pyrogenic small forests formation on slash fires, i.e. during the period not exceeding 2-3 complete developmental cycles of I. persulcatus, the abundance and spatial structure of its population are restored completely.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arachnid Vectors
• Comparative Study
• Disease Reservoirs
• Ecology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/transmission
• *Fires
• Population Density
• Population Growth
• Siberia
• *Ticks
• Time Factors
• *Trees

[A new vaccination strategy in Lower Saxony]

Windorfer A,  Schulz W.

[Article in German]

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Diphtheria Toxoid/administration & dosage
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Female
• Germany, West
• Human
• *Immunization Schedule
• Infant
• Infant, Newborn
• Male
• Meningoencephalitis/prevention & control
• Pertussis Vaccine/administration & dosage
• Rubella Vaccine/administration & dosage

Substances:

• 0 (Diphtheria Toxoid)
• 0 (Pertussis Vaccine)
• 0 (Rubella Vaccine)

[Agranulocytic reaction in tick-borne encephalitis]

Mokrousov VM.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Agranulocytosis/diagnosis
• Agranulocytosis/*etiology
• Case Report
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*blood
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age

[Immunochemical and electron microscopic analysis of the high-molecular structures in the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Liapustin VN,  Lisak VM,  Gritsun TS,  Korolev MB,  Lashkevich VA.

[Article in Russian]

High-molecular structures of tick-borne encephalitis virus were sedimented by centrifugation from virus-containing culture fluid and separated by sucrose concentration gradient centrifugation into 3 main fractions: rapidly sedimenting virions, the fraction sedimenting at a moderate rate, represented by "stellate" structures, and the fraction found on the top of the gradient and represented by structures similar in size and shape to virions, designated slowly sedimenting virions. The latter are first described in the paper. In immunodiffusion, the rapidly sedimenting virions form 1 of the 2 precipitation bands closer to the antigen-containing well, and in immunoelectrophoresis give 2 precipitation bands, anodic and cathodic, which fuse, indicating immunological identify of the 2 subpopulations of rapidly sedimenting virions. The slowly sedimenting virions in immunodiffusion form one of the 2 precipitation bands closer to the antigen well, and in immunoelectrophoresis form the cathodic precipitation band. The material sedimenting in the gradient at a moderate rate gives in immunodiffusion one precipitation band, the 3rd from the antigen well, and in immunoelectrophoresis forms a separate anodic precipitation band. This high-molecular non-virion antigen is found in small amounts also in fractions containing the rapidly sedimenting and slowly sedimenting virions. It is at least partially antigenically identical to previously studied low molecular non-virion ("soluble") antigen of tick-borne encephalitis virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Centrifugation, Density Gradient
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/ultrastructure
• Immunochemistry
• Immunodiffusion
• Immunoelectrophoresis/methods
• Macromolecular Systems
• Microscopy, Electron

Substances:

• 0 (Macromolecular Systems)

Variability of Powassan virus cultured in tissue explants and organism of Hyalomma anatolicum ticks.

Khozinskaya GA,  Chunikhin SP,  Khozinsky VV,  Stefutkina LF.

[Article in English]

The variability of Powassan virus was studied during successive passages in Hyalomma anatolicum ticks or prolonged reproduction in their tissue explants. It had been shown that in the course of tick passages and during reproduction in the explants, pathogenicity of the virus in respect to causing acute disease in mice after peripheral inoculation was decreased, while virus ability to cause death after intracerebral (i.c.) inoculation remained unchanged. In mice infected with the original strain P-40 of Powassan virus damaging effect of the immune response prevailed, while in mice infected with the strains passaged for a long time in ticks (strain P-40Hat) or in tick tissue explants (strain P-40Haex), the protective effect of the immune response was prominent.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• DNA Replication
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*genetics
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/growth & development
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Organ Culture
• Species Specificity
• Ticks/*microbiology
• Variation (Genetics)
• Virus Replication

Purification of tick-borne encephalitis virus in tris-modified porous glasses.

Krasilnikov IV,  Elbert LB,  Borisova VN,  Nakhapetyan LA.

[Article in English]

Macroporous glasses, chemically modified by tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane, were used for gel-permeation chromatography of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus suspension. The highest yield of purified virus was observed in the carriers containing not less than 0.01 micrograms-equivalent/m2 surface-attached tris-hydroxymethyl-aminomethane groups at pH of the eluent higher than 7.6. The obtained modified porous carriers appeared to be suitable for the purification of both infectious and inactivated preparations of TBE virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/microbiology
• Cells, Cultured
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/growth & development
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Glass
• Human
• Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
• Kidney
• Kinetics
• Mice
• Swine
• Tromethamine

Substances:

• 0 (Glass)
• 77-86-1 (Tromethamine)

Separation of flavivirus membrane and capsid proteins by multistep high-performance liquid chromatography optimized by immunological monitoring.

Winkler G,  Heinz FX,  Guirakhoo F,  Kunz C.

[Article in English]

Complete separation of the three structural proteins, E, C and M, of an enveloped virus (tick-borne encephalitis virus) was achieved by means of a two-step high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique in less than 1 h. The hydrophobically associated membrane proteins E and M were successfully separated by high-performance gel permeation chromatography (TSK-3000 SW column) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), whereas the separation of M and C as well as desalting and removal of SDS was achieved by subsequent reversed-phase chromatography on a C3 column. With regard to further characterization by peptide mapping, analysis of the amino acid composition and aminoterminal sequencing, the second step was performed with volatile buffer systems. Quality control of the separation was achieved by a combination of HPLC with a highly sensitive dot immunoassay by the use of polyclonal as well as monoclonal antibodies. This method proved extremely sensitive and revealed strong tailing effects and cross-contaminations of peaks well-separated in reversed-phase chromatography, which were neither apparent in the absorbance curve at 214 nm nor in the analysis by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. By visualization of the peak-tailing effect, the chromatographic conditions could be modified in order to achieve an optimum separation of proteins.

MeSH Terms:

• Antibodies, Monoclonal/diagnostic use
• Capsid/*analysis
• Chromatography, Gel
• Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/analysis
• Flavivirus/*analysis
• Glycoproteins/analysis
• Immunoassay
• Membrane Proteins/*isolation & purification
• Viral Proteins/*isolation & purification

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Monoclonal)
• 0 (Capsid)
• 0 (Glycoproteins)
• 0 (Membrane Proteins)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)

Diagnostic significance of IgG-synthesizing activated B cells in acute inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system.

Schadlich HJ,  Felgenhauer K.

[Article in English]

An immunohistological technique was used to identify activated, i.e. IgG-synthesizing, B cells in cerebrospinal fluid. A total of 177 patients suffering from inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system were investigated. Activated B cells were found in 61% of patients with bacterial meningitis, especially in lethal or prolonged cases. The number of activated B lymphocytes was low in most cases of viral meningitis, whereas in tick-borne meningopolyneuritis Bannwarth, a very strong B cell activation was detectable. In all inflammatory diseases investigated, the B cell response was restricted to the mononuclear phase. Comparing the number of activated B cells and the amount of locally synthesized IgG, there was a loose correlation between these inflammation parameters in meningopolyneuritis Bannwarth. In acute viral and bacterial meningitis more than 50% of the patients exhibited activated B cells without any detectable intrathecal IgG synthesis.

MeSH Terms:

• Antibody Formation
• B-Lymphocytes/immunology
• Bacterial Infections/immunology
• Encephalitis/*immunology
• Human
• IgG/*biosynthesis
• Leukocyte Count
• Meningitis/*immunology
• Meningitis, Viral/immunology
• Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
• Polyneuropathies/*immunology
• Tick Paralysis/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (IgG)

[Reactogenicity and antigenic activity of a chromatographic cultured purified and concentrated inactivated dried vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis]

Popov OV,  Sumarokov AA,  Shkol'nik RI,  El'bert LB,  Vorob'eva MS.

[Article in Russian]

The study of the characteristics of a new dried tissue-culture purified concentrated inactivated vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis, manufactured in the USSR, has revealed that the preparation is moderately reactogenic and produces no definite side effects in the vaccinees. In the process of the controlled epidemiological trial the optimum vaccination schedule for the primary immunization of adults against tick-borne encephalitis with the new preparation has been determined by the study of serum samples from the vaccinees in the hemagglutination inhibition test and the neutralization test in tissue culture. In accordance with this vaccination schedule the course of primary immunization with the chromatographic variant of the concentrated vaccine consists of two injections in a dose of 0.5 ml, made at an interval of 6 months.

Publication Types:

• Clinical Trial
• Journal Article

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Antigens, Viral/*immunology
• Clinical Trials
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*prevention & control
• Human
• Time Factors
• Vaccines, Attenuated/adverse effects
• Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
• Vaccines, Attenuated/isolation & purification
• Viral Vaccines/adverse effects
• Viral Vaccines/*immunology
• Viral Vaccines/isolation & purification

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Vaccines, Attenuated)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Diagnosis, epidemiology and prevention of arbovirus infections in Czechoslovakia]

Heinz F.

[Article in Czech]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Arbovirus Infections/diagnosis
• Arbovirus Infections/*epidemiology
• Arbovirus Infections/prevention & control
• Arboviruses/isolation & purification
• Czechoslovakia
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology
• Human

[Heteroploid kidney cell line from the green monkey as a substrate for multiplication of the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Grachev VP,  Khanina MK,  El'bert LB,  Mironovoa LL,  Zaval'nyi MA.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adsorption
• Animal
• Cell Line
• Cercopithecus aethiops
• Chromatography
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*physiology
• Kidney
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Ploidies
• Viral Vaccines/immunology
• Viral Vaccines/isolation & purification
• Virus Cultivation/methods
• *Virus Replication

Substances:

• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Evaluation of the size of the continuous poly(G) site necessary for the biological activity of the poly(G).poly(C) complex]

Vil'ner LM,  Platonova GA,  Kogan EM,  Sidorov NS,  Timkovskii AL.

[Article in Russian]

On the basis of synthesis of a series of poly(G, A).poly(C) copolymers with changing G:A ratio from 15:1 to 90:1 and trials of their biological activity in comparison with poly(G).poly(C), the size of poly(G) in it was evaluated within the range of a continuous double-stranded area necessary for the activity. The antiviral activity close to that of poly(G).poly(C) in experimental tick-borne encephalitis of mice and vesicular stomatitis virus infection of chick embryo cells was found only in poly(G,A).poly(C) complexes with a G:A ratio equal to or higher than 90:1. Consequently, the high activity of poly(G).poly(C) is present at an average length of poly(G) equal to 90-100 nucleotides within the limits of the continuous double-stranded area.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Base Sequence
• Chick Embryo
• Comparative Study
• Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/drug therapy
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Molecular Weight
• Plaque Assay
• Poly C/analysis
• Poly C/*therapeutic use
• Poly G/analysis
• Poly G/*therapeutic use
• Polyribonucleotides/analysis
• Polyribonucleotides/*therapeutic use
• Structure-Activity Relationship
• Vesicular Stomatitis-Indiana Virus/drug effects

Substances:

• 0 (Polyribonucleotides)
• 25191-14-4 (Poly G)
• 25280-45-9 (poly G-poly C)
• 30811-80-4 (Poly C)
• 81251-17-4 (poly(G,A).poly(C))

Replication of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in ticks Dermacentor marginatus.

Nosek J,  Kozuch O.

[Article in English]

In the laboratory experiments, the virophoric period in D. marginatus ticks lasted 61 to 81 d, the premoulting period (nymphs - adults) amounted to 17 to 18 d. The titres of individually examined females and males for the presence of TBE virus ranged from 10(1) to 10(5.5) ic mouse LD50/0.03 ml between the 14th and 29th day after hatching. In the laboratory experiments 77% of ticks were positive. In the field experiments, the virophoric period in D. marginatus ticks lasted 79 to 114 d, the premoulting period amounted to 34 to 38 d. The titres of individually examined adults for the presence of virus ranged from 10(1) to 10(5.5) ic mouse LD50/0.03 ml between the 13th and 80th day after hatching. In the field experiments 96.5% of ticks were positive.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Dermacentor/*microbiology
• Dermacentor/physiology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*growth & development
• Female
• Larva/microbiology
• Male
• Metamorphosis, Biological
• Nymph/microbiology
• Ticks/*microbiology
• *Virus Replication

Role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of experimental tick-borne encephalitis in mice.

Khozinsky VV,  Semenov BF,  Gresikova M,  Chunikhin SP,  Sekeyova M,  Kozuch O.

[Article in English]

In vivo phagocytosis activity of macrophages (PAM) was temporarily suppressed in mice by application of a suspension of microscopic from particles. As demonstrated, a reversible block of 70% of PAM was accompanied by a marked increase of the lethality during the acute tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus infection. Asymptomatic persistence of TBE virus in the brain was 4 times more frequent in mice with PAM defect than in immuno-competent mice. Suppression of PAM during the first 48 hr post infection (p.i.) did not affect interaction of B-, T-lymphocytes and macrophages. Cytotoxic activity of splenocytes against TBE virus-infected mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) was alike irrespective of whether cytotoxic cells were collected from mice inoculated or not inoculated with microscopic iron suspension. Similarly, frequency of seroconversion did not differ in these groups of mice. Adoptively transferred peritoneal macrophages from TBE virus-infected or intact mice did not exert any protective activity. The presence of splenic macrophages was necessary neither in adoptive immunity transfer in vivo nor in cytotoxic activity of T-lymphocytes directed to virus-infected targets in vitro. It was further found that peritoneal macrophages (PM) both from TBE virus immunized and non immunized donors in the presence of antibodies to TBE virus acquired the capability to kill TBE virus-infected target cells. Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADC) of macrophages was associated with population of phagocytic cels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
• Central Nervous System/immunology
• Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Immunization, Passive
• Lymphocytes/immunology
• Macrophages/*immunology
• Mice
• Spleen/immunology

[Natural-focus infections in urbanized landscapes]

Daiter AB.

[Article in Russian]

The data on natural-nidal diseases typical for cities, urban agglomerations and culture coenoses are summarized in the paper in the light of academician E. N. Pavlovsky's theory. According to the ecological principle all infections with natural nidality are classified into two large groups. Concrete data from the north-western region show the role of leptospirosis, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, tick--borne encephalitis and pseudotuberculosis in urbanized landscapes. Modern epidemiological tendences of these diseases, associated with functioning of their natural and economic nidi, are stressed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• *Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/etiology
• *Health
• Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/etiology
• Human
• Leptospirosis/etiology
• Mice
• Rats
• Rodent Diseases/transmission
• Russia
• *Urban Health
• Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infections/etiology
• Zoonoses/etiology

[Changes in the incidence of tick-borne encephalitis in the Krasnoyarsk region over many years]

Naumov RL,  Gutova VP,  Stepanov AI,  Nikulina ES,  Nemiro TV.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Human
• Siberia
• Space-Time Clustering

[Characteristics of a cell-culture infection with the tick-borne encephalitis virus with periodic replacement of the culture medium]

Dzhivanian TI,  Lisak VM,  Lashkevich VA,  Korolev MB.

[Article in Russian]

The following features were revealed in pig embryo kidney cell cultures infected with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in which the maintenance medium was changed periodically: more rapid accumulation of TBE virus-specific proteins, active proliferation of spherical vesicular structures and membrane elements of the endoplasmic reticulum, transformation of the latter into regularly arrayed complexes, a statistically significant increase in the yield of the infectious virus.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Culture Media/pharmacology
• Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
• Embryo
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/pathology
• Microscopy, Electron
• Swine
• Time Factors
• Viral Proteins/analysis
• Virus Cultivation/methods

Substances:

• 0 (Culture Media)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)

[The use of immunofluorescent method in detection of IgM antibody for the early diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis].

Li ZD.

[Article in Chinese]

MeSH Terms:

• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Human
• IgM/*analysis

Substances:

• 0 (IgM)

[Immunological structure of the population following the extermination of ticks in a natural focus of tick-borne encephalitis]

Vorontsova TA.

[Article in Russian]

Ten years after the break of the chain of transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus the level of the immune stratum of the local population declined from 59% to 39%. A decrease in the number of seroconversions was found in all the age groups but was particularly noticeable in the rural residents aged 10-30 years (39% and 13%), the mean titres declining from 1.8 log2 to 0.6 log2. In the rural residents over 30 years of age the immune stratum declined from 71% to 54%, the mean antibody titres from 3.4 to 2.5 log2. In subjects repeatedly infected in the natural focus, antihemagglutinins persisted for 10 years (the observation period).

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Child
• DDT
• *Disease Reservoirs
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Human
• Middle Age
• Rural Population
• Russia
• *Tick Control
• Time Factors

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 50-29-3 (DDT)

Differentiation in the complement fixation test of the viruses of tick-borne encephalitis complex by means of a type-specific soluble antigen.

Gaidamovich SYa,  Demenev VA,  Obukhova VR.

[Article in English]

Highly type-specific soluble antigens (SA) of viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex were obtained by treatment of the sucrose-acetone antigens with 8 mol/l urea. Each SA reacted with the homologous serum only. The serum to SA of strain Sofyin and of Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus distinguished the TBE complex representatives; the difference between homologous serum titres was in the range of 4-5 two-fold dilution steps.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/*immunology
• Complement Fixation Tests
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Postpoliomyelitic progressive amyotrophy]

Mozolevskii IV,  Smirnov IK,  Tushkanova MV,  Dubanova EA.

[Article in Russian]

Two clinical cases of post-poliomyelitic progressive amyotrophy (PPA) are described. One patient had serological tests of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid for viruses of poliomyelitis, measles, simple herpes and tick-borne encephalitis which were negative. The authors suggest that PPA develops in patients with a peculiar genetic predisposition and altered homeostasis and is a degenerative-dystrophic disease of the motor nerve.

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Case Report
• Electromyography
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age
• Muscular Atrophy/diagnosis
• Muscular Atrophy/*etiology
• Poliomyelitis/*complications

[Ultrastructural changes in the CNS of monkeys with the chronic form of tick-borne encephalitis]

Erman BA,  Tulakina LG,  Zubenko AV,  Subbotina LS.

[Article in Russian]

The central nervous system of monkeys with chronic tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) shows the following ultrastructural alterations which differ from those in acute TBE: widespread destructive changes in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, processes, myelin, vascular walls, severe edema of brain tissue with the signs of a so-called spongious degeneration and the absence of cell proliferation and perivascular cell infiltrations, glial nodules as well as circulatory disorders (hyperemia, stasis, hemorrhages). Few virions with or without and altered supercapsid membrane are detected in the neuronal cytoplasm or in the intercellular spaces; the signs of active virus reproduction in the cells are lacking. Pathologic process is of a degenerative but not of an inflammatory nature; the latter is typical for acute TBE.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Central Nervous System/*ultrastructure
• Chronic Disease
• Cyclophosphamide/pharmacology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*pathology
• Macaca mulatta
• Microscopy, Electron
• Monkey Diseases/immunology
• Monkey Diseases/*pathology
• Neurons/ultrastructure

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 50-18-0 (Cyclophosphamide)

[Lesions of the nervous system in tick-borne erythema annulare]

Dekonenko EP,  Smirnov IK,  Umanskii KG.

[Article in Russian]

The authors examined thirty-two patients with tick-borne erythema annulare which developed after tick bites. The disease had a peculiar nosological form and was characterized by tick sticking, an incubation period, the presence in the majority of patients of the temperature reaction and manifestations of general infection in the acute period, the development of migrating erythema annulare, frequent lesions (26 patients) of the nervous system in the form of the radicular symptoms, serous meningitis, pareses of the facial muscles, etc. Electrophysiological examination of patients revealed marked changes. Serological tests for tick-borne encephalitis proved negative. The time-course of the disease in the majority of patients was favourable. The disease was characterized by all features typical of an infection lesion, with neurological disorders being predominant, which requires further investigation.

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Aged
• *Bites and Stings
• Diagnosis, Differential
• Electromyography
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Erythema Multiforme/diagnosis
• Erythema Multiforme/*transmission
• Female
• Fever
• Human
• Male
• Middle Age
• Nervous System Diseases/*transmission
• Tick Paralysis/diagnosis
• *Ticks

[Concentrated and purified vaccine against tick-borne encephalitis prepared by ultracentrifugation and chromatography]

El'bert LB,  Krasil'nikov IV,  Drozdov SG,  Grachev VP,  Pervikov IV.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adolescence
• Adult
• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Chick Embryo
• Chromatography, Gel
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Human
• Immunization
• Immunization, Secondary
• Ultrafiltration
• Viral Vaccines/immunology
• Viral Vaccines/*isolation & purification

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

[Comparative study of the oligopeptide maps of virus-specific proteins of the viruses of the tick-borne encephalitis complex]

Zhankov AI,  Zhdanov VM,  Liapustin VN,  Dzhivanian TI,  Lashkevich VA.

[Article in Russian]

A comparative analysis of tryptic hydrolysates of virus-specific proteins NV5, V3 and NV3 of the tick-borne encephalitis complex viruses showed proteins NV5 to have considerable regions of similar amino acid sequences, V3 proteins to have significantly differing primary structures, and NV3 proteins to have different amino acid sequences.

MeSH Terms:

• Amino Acid Sequence
• Autoradiography
• Comparative Study
• Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
• *Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
• Oligopeptides/*analysis
• Oligopeptides/classification
• Oligopeptides/isolation & purification
• Viral Proteins/*analysis
• Viral Proteins/classification
• Viral Proteins/isolation & purification

Substances:

• 0 (Oligopeptides)
• 0 (Viral Proteins)

[Detection of the antibodies to the virion antigen of tick-borne encephalitis virus in patients' sera using counterimmunoelectrophoresis]

Liapustin VN,  Andreeva EB,  Pivanova GP,  Karavanov AS,  Lashkevich VA.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Acute Disease
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Antigens, Viral/*immunology
• Comparative Study
• Counterimmunoelectrophoresis/methods
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Human
• Virion/*immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Interrelation between invertebrates and tickborne encephalitis virus. Discussion. 4. Amphibians and reptiles]

Gutova VP,  Naumov RL,  Chynikhin SP.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Amphibia/*microbiology
• Animal
• *Disease Vectors
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/growth & development
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*transmission
• Reptiles/*microbiology

[Dispensarization of chronic tick-borne encephalitis patients]

Subbotin AV.

[Article in Russian]

Sixty patients with chronic tick-borne encephalitis underwent dispensarization. The author reports on his experience in the organization of dispensarization and the techniques of formulating the diagnosis with indications of the clinical form, of the neurological syndrome and also of the disease stage and the type of its progression. A proposal is made to identify groups to be placed under dispensarization, and to determine the frequency of patients' examinations in relation to the severity of the neurological syndrome. A treatment regimen is described varying with the clinical form and the stage of the disease. A conclusion is drawn as to a favourable influence of dispensarization on the disease course and outcome in patients with chronic tick-borne encephalitis.

MeSH Terms:

• Ambulatory Care Facilities
• Chronic Disease
• Combined Modality Therapy
• Delivery of Health Care
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/diagnosis
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/prevention & control
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*therapy
• Human
• Syndrome
• USSR

A serological survey for Bhanja and tick-borne encephalitis viruses in sheep of eastern Slovakia.

Hubalek Z,  Mitterpak J,  Prokopic J,  Juricova Z,  Kilik J.

[Article in English]

755 sheep from 41 farms in the districts of Trebisov, Michalovce, Humenne and Roznava in the East Slovakian region were investigated on the presence of antibodies to Bhanja (neutralization test) and tick-borne encephalitis (haemagglutination-inhibition test) viruses. In respective districts 2.2%, 0.4%, 1.7% and 26.7% of animals (total 5.3%) were found to be positive on Bhanja virus, 4.4%, 1.5%, 1.7% and 5.0% (total 2.6%) on tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus. The considerable infection rate in sheep with Bhanja virus in the district of Roznava (mean 26.7%-on one farm as high as 63.9% serologically positive animals) can be explained by the local occurrence of the tick Haemaphysalis punctata, the main vector of this virus in Europe. The serologic screening conducted indicates a low activity of natural foci of TBE in eastern Slovakia today, and confirms the existence of a natural focus of infection with Bhanja virus in the district of Roznava. Recent circulation of Bhanja virus is indicated by antibodies detected in several one-year-old sheep.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/*analysis
• Bunyaviridae/*immunology
• Bunyaviridae Infections/epidemiology
• Bunyaviridae Infections/*veterinary
• Czechoslovakia
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*veterinary
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Neutralization Tests
• Seasons
• Sheep/*immunology
• Sheep Diseases/*epidemiology
• Ticks

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)

[Use of methods of pattern recognition to analyze the EEG of patients with different forms of epilepsy]

Guliaeva SE,  Iudin VV,  Likhovidov VN,  Lukin SP,  Burago VA.

[Article in Russian]

The electrophysiological aspects of the pathogenesis of Kozhevnikov's epilepsy associated with tick-borne encephalitis were investigated. The study involved computerization of 114 scalp EEGs obtained from patients with this form of epilepsy who were observed in the Primorye Territory. In order to receive control data, the analogous methods were used in processing EEGs of healthy age-matched subjects and also of patients with petit mal epilepsy and with Jackson's epilepsy. The computerized analysis was carried out by means of the image recognition method. The results of this study revealed distinctive features in the nature of the spectrograms of the test subjects and showed that apart from the dependence of the power spectra on the severity of the clinical manifestations of the disease, there are some elements of homogeneity between the spectrograms of patients suffering from Kozhewnikov's epilepsy and petit mal epilepsy. This similarity appears to suggest the sommon level of the localization of the pathological impulsation foci in the patients of both groups, with objective findings supporting this assumption.

MeSH Terms:

• Comparative Study
• Computers
• Diagnosis, Differential
• *Electroencephalography
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• Epilepsies, Partial/diagnosis
• Epilepsy/*diagnosis
• Epilepsy, Absence/diagnosis
• Human
• Syndrome

[Use of an immunofluorescence micromethod for determining the antigens of the influenza and tick-borne encephalitis viruses]

Vaserin II,  Zhurov SA,  Ledebtsova RI,  Zlobin VI.

[Article in Russian]

The diagnostic possibilities of several variants of the solid-phase immunofluorescent micromethod (requiring 100-200 microliter of the reaction mixture), intended for the determination of influenza virus and tick-borne encephalitis virus antigens in material obtained from patients and ticks, have been studied. A high degree of correlation between the results obtained by the methods under investigation and the control methods has been established.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/*analysis
• Chick Embryo
• Comparative Study
• Complement Fixation Tests
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Erythrocytes/immunology
• Fluorescent Antibody Technique
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Immunization
• Influenza A Virus, Human/*immunology
• Mice
• Neutralization Tests
• Rabbits

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

[Results of using the ELISA method in studying tick-borne encephalitis and rabies]

Subbotina LS,  Navolokin OV,  Botvinkin AD,  Matiukhina LV.

[Article in Russian]

The results of using the indirect variant of ELISA for the study of serum samples from humans and white mice for the presence of antibodies to tick-borne encephalitis virus and rabies virus are presented. The high sensitivity and specificity of this method have been confirmed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Comparative Study
• Complement Fixation Tests
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*diagnosis
• *Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Human
• Immunization, Passive
• *Immunoenzyme Techniques
• Mice
• Neutralization Tests
• Rabies/*diagnosis
• Rabies Vaccines/immunology
• Rabies Virus/immunology
• Time Factors
• Viral Vaccines/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Rabies Vaccines)
• 0 (Viral Vaccines)

Replication of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus in Ixodes ricinus ticks.

Kozuch O,  Nosek J.

[Article in English]

The influence of external factors on virus carriage of Ixodes ricinus ticks in laboratory and in nature was studied. In laboratory experiment, only one nymph was positive for the presence of virus on 120th day after metamorphosis. The virus titer was 10(2) mouse i.c. LD50/0.03 ml. Transmission experiments were negative. The nymphs were positive on 75th, 111th and 159th day after metamorphosis, always chilling in the field experiment. The titres of virus varied from the lowest detectable amount value to 10(3.6) mouse i.c. LD50/0.03 ml. The transmission of virus was positive in two cases.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Cold
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*physiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/transmission
• Mice
• Ticks/*microbiology
• Virus Replication

[Isolation of new strains of tick-borne encephalitis virus in the Gdansk region. Characteristics of their biological properties]

Bednarz K,  Nawrocka E,  Wegner Z,  Pruszynska I.

[Article in Polish]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Animals/*microbiology
• Animals, Wild/*microbiology
• Disease Reservoirs/*veterinary
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*microbiology
• Female
• In Vitro
• Male
• Mice
• Virus Replication

Experimental encephalitis in monkeys caused by the Powassan virus.

Frolova MP,  Isachkova LM,  Shestopalova NM,  Pogodina VV.

[Article in English]

We have carried out a comparative study of the experimental infection of monkeys with the P-40 strain of the Powassen virus, isolated in the Primor'e Territory of the USSR, and with the Canadian prototype LB strain. The Powassan virus was found to be pathogenic for Macaca rhesus. The clinical and pathomorphological picture of the experimental encephalitis was studied, and the full identity of the infection produced in the monkeys by the P-40 strain and the Canadian LB strain of the Powassan virus was demonstrated. On electron microscopic examination of the central nervous system the virus was detected in the neurons, glial cells, and intercellular spaces. The virions of the strains studied have identical morphological parameters, being 37-45 nm in diameter and of spherical shape. The data obtained indicated a marked neurotropism of the virus. They will contribute to the elucidation of the role of the virus in the infection pathology of humans, i.e., in the differentiation of encephalitis cases not associated etiologically with the virus of the spring-summer tickborne encephalitis.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Brain/microbiology
• Central Nervous System/*pathology
• Cerebellum/pathology
• Cerebral Cortex/pathology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/ultrastructure
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/microbiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*pathology
• Macaca mulatta
• Microscopy, Electron
• Spinal Cord/pathology

[Electrophoretic characteristics of the virus-specific proteins of Powassan virus]

Dzhivanian TI,  Zhankov AI,  Lashkevich VA,  Bychkova MV,  Sarmanova ES.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Comparative Study
• Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*analysis
• Molecular Weight
• Viral Proteins/*analysis
• Virus Cultivation

Substances:

• 0 (Viral Proteins)

The isolation of Meaban virus, a new Flavivirus from the seabird tick Ornithodoros (Alectorobius) maritimus in France.

Chastel C,  Main AJ,  Guiguen C,  le Lay G,  Quillien MC,  Monnat JY,  Beaucournu JC.

[Article in English]

Seven strains of a new Flavivirus, for which the name of Meaban virus is proposed, were isolated from the seabird tick Ornithodoros (A.) maritimus collected during 1981 and 1982 in nests of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) on islands of South Brittany, France. The new virus was compared serologically with 65 other flaviviruses including Tyuleniy virus and was found to be most closely related to, but different from Saumarez Reef virus, an agent previously isolated in Australia and Tasmania. Some general properties of Meaban virus are described and its antigenic relationships with other tick-borne flaviviruses associated with seabirds are discussed.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/immunology
• Complement Fixation Tests
• Flavivirus/classification
• Flavivirus/immunology
• Flavivirus/*isolation & purification
• Flavivirus/ultrastructure
• France
• Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
• Meningoencephalitis/etiology
• Mice
• Microscopy, Electron
• Neutralization Tests
• Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
• Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
• Ticks/*microbiology
• Togaviridae Infections/microbiology

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)

Grant Support:

• AI 10984/AI/NIAID

Virus-induced decrease in the activity of serum blocking factor(s): a mechanism of activation of the autoreactive T effectors in graft versus host reaction and of controlling T suppressors.

Khozinsky VV,  Semenov BF.

[Article in English]

It has been shown that serum blocking factor(s) (SBF) previously detected in normal mice bind(s) to receptors on the surface membranes of virus-induced autoreactive T lymphocytes (ARTL) and to that of ARTL activity inhibiting T suppressors (TSar). The interaction of SBF with the receptors is reversible, H-2 restricted and associated with the inhibition of functional activity of the tested T lymphocyte populations. In mice during acute tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), in the course of inapparent infections induced by Langat virus or dengue type 2 (D2) and after infection with the attenuated yellow fever virus (strain 17D), the SBF activity significantly decreased, while ARTL and TSar became activated. Administration of normal mouse serum to infected animals with SBF deficiency resulted in inhibition of both inductive and productive phases of ARTL and TSar formations. Based on these findings, the virus-induced decrease in SBF activity may be considered as one of the mechanisms triggering autoimmune responses. The autoreactive pathological states can develop under various endo-and/or exogenic conditions influencing on SBF and on the TSar activity.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Autoantibodies/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/immunology
• Flavivirus/*immunology
• *Graft vs Host Reaction
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred AKR
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Mice, Inbred CBA
• Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/*immunology
• T-Lymphocytes/*immunology
• T-Lymphocytes, Suppressor-Effector/*immunology
• Yellow Fever Virus/immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Autoantibodies)
• 0 (Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell)

Antigen-specific transfer factor from mice immunized with an attenuated flavivirus: augmentation of inducing activity in semipurified splenocytic dialyzates.

Mayer V,  Gajdosova E,  Valaskova M,  Oravec C.

[Article in English]

Three large batches were prepared of lyzed splenocytic leukocyte dialyzate from SPF outbred mice, immunized with a live attenuated virus from the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) complex. Total mass of freeze-dried dialyzates was 1.73 g. One mg of respective batches contained 2 X 10(5), 2 X 10(4) and 2 X 10(3) units of the transfer factor, specific for the flavivirus group-antigen, as estimated according to the capacity to induce specifically cytotoxic T-cells in the recipient C3H mice. The amount of protein and orcinol-reactive material (purine-bound ribose), the presumed components of the inducer's substrate, ranged in individual dialyzates from 9.9-12.4 and 0.72-0.80% of their dry mass. Materials from each batch obtained after double precipitation by ethanol were subjected to permeation chromatography on Sephadex G-25 columns and subsequent lyophilization of the peak with specific inducing activity. The final product represented on average 3.7 per cent of dry mass of the starting material. In comparison to the crude material, in one mg of the final product the protein and the orcinol-reactive material were reduced by 80 and 37 per cent, respectively, but an increment in the antigen-specific inducing capacity comprising 2-3 log10 units was observed. These findings add to the concept that a) macromolecules carrying the inducing activity can be separated from other constituents of the crude dialyzate and b) an increase in antigen-specific inducing activity titre was, besides partial concentration, mainly due to removal of suppressor or inhibitory factor(s) present in the crude dialysates and probably acting in vivo.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antigens, Viral/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Immunization
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C3H
• Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
• Spleen/cytology
• Spleen/drug effects
• T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
• Transfer Factor/biosynthesis
• Transfer Factor/*immunology
• Transfer Factor/isolation & purification

Substances:

• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Transfer Factor)

[Method of detecting non-hemadsorbing and non-hemagglutinating viruses]

Aksenov OA,  Kogan IL.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/isolation & purification
• Hemadsorption
• Hemagglutination Tests
• Simplexvirus/isolation & purification
• Viruses/*isolation & purification

[Variants of the host immune response to the tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Pogodina VV,  Larina GI,  Frolova MP,  Bochkova NG.

[Article in Russian]

Syrian hamsters intracerebrally infected with tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus were used to study the correlation between virulence of the strains, their serotype, form and course of the disease, average survival time (AST) of hamsters, features of CNS pathomorphology, and the changes of values of cell-mediated and humoral immunity. Thirty one strains of TBE virus isolated in Siberia and Far East were studied. Virulence of the strains ranged from 100% to 5%, AST from 5 to 237 days. Hamsters developed acute lethal encephalitis, subacute encephalitis, or asymptomatic infection. Most virulent strains produced early and extensive lesions in the brain stem. In encephalitis with subacute course pathomorphological changes in the CNS developed slower and the brain stem was less involved. Each variant of TBE course was associated with a certain pattern of host immune response formed as early as the first day of infection. Highly virulent strains inducing acute encephalitis and 100% lethality within 5-9 days produced immune response characterized by high antigen reactivity of lymphocytes by the level of rosette-forming cells, marked specific sensitization in splenocyte migration-inhibition test, moderate antibody-producing cell reaction, increased thymus weight index, low values of nonspecific resistance with low levels of antihemagglutinins and virus-neutralizing antibody by the end of the first week. Different immunologic condition was associated with asymptomatic infection and increase of AST to 100-237 days.

MeSH Terms:

• Animal
• Antibody Formation
• Antibody-Producing Cells/immunology
• Brain/pathology
• Comparative Study
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/pathogenicity
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/pathology
• Hamsters
• Immunity, Cellular
• Mesocricetus
• Rosette Formation
• Spinal Cord/pathology
• Time Factors
• Virulence
• Virus Replication

[Subunit immunogen of the tick-borne encephalitis virus. The immunological characteristics of glycoprotein V3 from 2 antigenic types of tick-borne encephalitis virus]

Chumakov MP,  Rubin SG,  Kusov II,  Semashko IV,  Sal'nikov IA.

[Article in Russian]

V3 glycoprotein isolated from virions of two antigenic types of TBE virus was found to be a valuable immunogen in experimental immunizations of rabbits and mice. The immune sera contained high titres of antibodies to TBE virus and other viruses of the TBE antigenic complex detectable in three serological tests. Species-, type-, and group-specific antibodies to TBE viruses were demonstrated. Mice vaccinated with TBE V3 glycoprotein developed immunity to TBE virus challenge. The isolated V3 glycoprotein of TBE virus, like whole TBE virus virions, carries several antigenic determinants.

MeSH Terms:

• Adsorption
• Animal
• Antibodies, Viral/analysis
• Antigens, Viral/analysis
• Antigens, Viral/*immunology
• Cross Reactions
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*immunology
• Glycoproteins/analysis
• Glycoproteins/*immunology
• Immune Sera/isolation & purification
• Immunization
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred BALB C
• Neutralization Tests
• Rabbits
• Viral Envelope Proteins/analysis
• Viral Envelope Proteins/*immunology

Substances:

• 0 (Antibodies, Viral)
• 0 (Antigens, Viral)
• 0 (Glycoproteins)
• 0 (Immune Sera)
• 0 (Viral Envelope Proteins)

[Subunit immunogen of the tick-borne encephalitis virus. The isolation of glycoprotein V3 from 2 types of the tick-borne encephalitis virus and a study of its amino acid composition]

Chumakov MP,  Kusov II,  Rubin SG,  Semashko IV,  Sal'nikov IA.

[Article in Russian]

An effective method for isolation of the membrane structural E protein, the so-called V3 glycoprotein, is described. Preliminary data of its amino acid composition have been obtained.

MeSH Terms:

• Amino Acids/*analysis
• Chemistry
• Comparative Study
• Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/analysis
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/*isolation & purification
• Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne/ultrastructure
• Glycoproteins/analysis
• Glycoproteins/*isolation & purification
• Microscopy, Electron
• Polysorbates/pharmacology
• Radioimmunoassay
• Solubility
• Ultracentrifugation
• Viral Envelope Proteins/analysis
• Viral Envelope Proteins/*isolation & purification

Substances:

• 0 (Amino Acids)
• 0 (Glycoproteins)
• 0 (Polysorbates)
• 0 (Viral Envelope Proteins)

[Cases of tick-borne encephalitis in nonendemic areas]

Bychkova VI,  Podoprigora NI.

[Article in Russian]

MeSH Terms:

• Adult
• Case Report
• Child
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/*epidemiology
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne/pathology
• Human
• Male
• Ukraine